Economist by profession. After 1917 February Revol worked in Moscow and helped edit “Sotsialdemokrat”. During 1917 October Revol member.
Military Revol Committee, Moscow Soviet. After 1917 October Revol Presidium member, Supreme Economic Council. 1917 member, Commission to Revise the Party Program.
His articles on this subject were published in the collection Materialy po peresmotru partiynoy programmy (Material on the Revision of the Party Program). Fought in Civil War; member, Revol Military Council, 5th and 16th Armies. Then worked for economics organs.
1921-1922 Presidium member, State Planning Committee. Member, Commission to Utilize the Material Resources of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. During the Brest Peace Treaty controversy sided with Leftist Communists and worked for cd staff, newspaper “Kommunist”.
24 February 1918 resigned his Party and government posts in protest against Brest Peace Treaty. 1919 leading member of “Military Opposition” at 8th Party Congress. 1920-1921 sided with Democratic Centralism group.
From 1923 member, Trotskyist opposition. 1926 broke with Trotskyism and joined with Sapronov to form a new opposition group which published the so-called “Fifteen-Signatory Anti-Revol Platform". 1926 expelled from the Party for factionalist activities.
1926 re-admitted to Party. December 1927 again expelled from Party at 15th All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) Congress. Subsequently sentenced for alleged anti-Soviet activities.
Religion is a tool used by the ruling classes for the masses to relieve their suffering via the act of experiencing religious emotions.
Communist Party of the Soviet Union is the guiding force of all socialist countries, and the nucleus of their political system.
Communist Party member from 1907.