Education
1905-1907 studied at Moscow, Munich, then Berlin University.
1905-1907 studied at Moscow, Munich, then Berlin University.
Party work in Moscow, Tver’ and Khar’kov. Frequently arrested by Tsarist authorities. After 1917 February Revol member, Moscow Oblast Russian Social-Democratic Workers ’Party (Bolsheviks) Bureau and member, editorial board, newspaper “Sotsial-demokrat”.
Delegation at 6th Russian Social-Democratic Workers ’Party (Bolsheviks) Congress. After 1917 October Revol mang, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic State Bank. Until March 1918 Fust chairman, Supreme Economic Council.
Leading proponent of leftist Communist policy during controversy over 1918 Brest Peace Pact. 1918 worked for editorial board, newspaper “Pravda” and for Soviet Propaganda Department, Supreme Economic Council. 1919-early 1920 All-Russian Central Executive Committee plenipotentiary in Penza, Tula, then Vyatka Provinces.
1920 chairman, Tula Province Executive Committee and Collegium member, People's Commissariat of Food. 1920-1921 active member, opposition “Democratic Centralism” group. 1923 sided with Trotskyist opposition.
1921-1923 Deputy People's Commissar of Agric and deputy chairman, Supreme Economic Council. 1923-1924 Soviet plenipotentiary in Sweden. 1925 Presidium member, Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics State Planning Committee.
1926-1928 mang, Centr Statistical Board. From 1929 director, Institute of Economy. From 1929 deputy chairman, Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics Supreme Economic Council and chairman, All-Union Association of the Auto-Tractor Indiana.
Then exec admin and economics work. From 1934 head, Centr Economy Accounting Board. Member, editorial board Bol’shaya Sovetskaya Entsiklopediya (Large Soviet Encyclopedia).
From 1928 member, Plenum of Communist Academy and member, Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics Academy of Sciences. On several occasions elected to Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics Central Executive Committee. At 10th, 14th, 15th, 16th and 17th Party Congresses elected candidate member, Central Committee, All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks).
1937 arrested by State Security organs. March 1938, as one of the leaders of the “Leftist Communists”, appeared as witness at the trial of the “anti-Soviet rightist-Trotskyite Bloc”.
