Education
1889 graduate Mikhail Artillery School. 1895 graduate General Staff Academy.
1889 graduate Mikhail Artillery School. 1895 graduate General Staff Academy.
1901-1904 on Military Training Committee and at Main Headquarters. 1904-i-05 field officer for special assignments under commander of 2nd Manchurian Army during Russo-Japanese War. After Russo-Japanese War co-ed, newspaper "Voycnny golos,” which criticized military system and especially participation of army in 1905-1906 punitive expeditions.
16 July 1906 this newspaper was labelled harmful and was soon closed. 1905 — 1 1 on Main Board, General Staff. 1911 — 14 commanded infantry regiment
1914-1917 quartermaster-general (head Operations Department), 1st Army Headquarters. Commanded brigade, then division
1917 Assistant Military Minister, Provisional Government. Commanded corps, then 12th Army. Commander in chief, Northern Front.
November 1917 supported 12th Army soldiers’ decision to recognize Soviet regime. After 1917 October Revol professor, General Staff Academy. Secretary, Centr Pedagogical Museum, Petrograd.
Deputy military head, Red Army Supreme Military Inspectorate. From October 1919 taught at Red Army Military Academy. Concentrated on maneuvers in his theoretical works and underestimated tech factor in war.