Background
Gioberti was born on April 5, 1801. When still very young he lost his parents, and at the age of sixteen was admitted among the clerics of the court.
(This is a pre-1923 historical reproduction that was curat...)
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(Quantunque le riforme civili onde abbisogna lItalia debb...)
Quantunque le riforme civili onde abbisogna lItalia debbano esser fatte dai governanti, che sono la sorgente naturale e sincera di ogni miglioramento, esse vogliono venire aiutate e promosse dallopinione pubblica; il che minvita a passare dal debito dei principi a quello dei popoli. Perchè, siccome i primi debbono conciliarsi lamor del secondi, non ripugnando ai ragionevoli progressi, i secondi hanno lobbligo di amicarsi i primi, rendendosi meritevoli dei beni che ne ricevono e se ne promettono. Due cose concorrono a far degna una nazione degli incrementi civili: luna è lo zelo animoso, necessario per cavarne profitto; laltra è la moderazione assennata, richiesta per non abusarne; perchè chi abusa del bene lo rende malefico, e chi non sa prevalersene, nè, maneggiandolo a proposito qual capitale vivo, farlo fruttare, lo rende inutile. Per evitare questi due inconvenienti, la via più semplice è appunto quella che dee essere seguita altresì dai governi, e sta nel consigliarsi col senno patrio, nellerudirsi ed accendersi cogli antichi esempi, nel dismettere al tutto le tratte esotiche e le imitazioni peregrine. Io non mi stancherò mai di ripeterlo, giacchè questa massima così triviale è lepilogo della italiana sapienza in ogni genere di cose e di cognizioni, e lunica via che ci soccorra, per riacquistare nei pensieri e nelle opere lantica grandezza.
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(Scritto nel 1843, il Primato segue di qualche anno la Teo...)
Scritto nel 1843, il Primato segue di qualche anno la Teorica del Soprannaturale e lIntroduzione allo studio della filosofia; il pensiero del Gioberti si svolge con coerenza attraverso queste tre opere. Il presupposto di base è che la storia civile degli uomini non può vedersi separata dalla storia religiosa: il cristianesimo, procedendo dalla rivelazione, è destinato a conquistare il genere umano. Primo passo diventa quindi obbligatoriamente la restaurazione dellunità cattolica dEuropa. Di questa unità non può che essere punta di diamante proprio lItalia, che da 18 secoli ospita il papato. Gli italiani sono dunque il popolo eletto da Dio nellepoca moderna, come lo furono gli israeliti nellantichità. È da queste premesse che Gioberti prende le mosse per intessere, in questo primo volume della sua opera più nota, le basi di quello che per lui era il principio della resurrezione dellItalia, evolvendo il suo sogno di teocrazia repubblicana verso un progetto più ragionevole e almeno apparentemente più attuabile.
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philosopher politician priest publicist
Gioberti was born on April 5, 1801. When still very young he lost his parents, and at the age of sixteen was admitted among the clerics of the court.
Gioberti studied theology at the University of Turin, and obtained his doctorate there. He was educated by the fathers of the Oratory with a view to the priesthood and ordained in 1825.
Gioberti soon became famous as a professor of theology at the University of Turin, though his ideas began to take on appearances of unorthodoxy. He was appointed a court chaplain on the succession of the Sardinian king Charles Albert in 1831. Gioberti’s career was cut short, however, by disgrace and exile following a charge that he was involved in a republican political plot. Having already expressed radical views openly, he was arrested and briefly imprisoned in 1833. He then exiled himself to Paris and Brussels, remaining abroad as a teacher while writing his first major works, including Introduzione allo studio della filosofia (1839-1840; “Introduction to the Study of Philosophy”), a polemic against the philosophical system propounded from 1830 by Antonio Rosmini-Serbati. Whereas Cartesian rationalism had been well known in Italy, Gioberti introduced Kantian and post-Kantian metaphysics. His own theology, philosophy, and political views revolved around his concept of being, and his system is usually termed “ontologism. ” He coined the term “palingenesis” to indicate the return of human concepts to the essential centre of being from which they become divorced. This reunion of the ideal and the real provided Gioberti a means of describing the actualization in human life of the life of the spirit, and thus palingenesis became an ethical, social, and political concept. Despite his republican views, Gioberti never joined the revolutionary organization of Giuseppe Mazzini, and by 1840 he was firmly condemning violence as a means to Italian unity. He advocated a constitutional monarchy “as far removed from demagogy as it is from despotism. ” In his most celebrated work, Del primato morale e civile degli italiani (1843; “On the Moral and Civil Primacy of the Italian Race”), he sought to present practical methods of realizing his political ideals. Asserting the value of the unique contribution that federated Italians might make to world civilization, he recommended the creation of an Italian federation headed by the pope. Gioberti’s proposal was widely praised, and when Pius IX was elected in 1846, he was referred to as “Gioberti’s pope” for his alleged sympathy with the plan. An ensuing amnesty permitted Gioberti to return to Turin in 1847. Serving as president of the newly constituted Chamber of Deputies, he was also premier briefly from 1848 to 1849, when he became ambassador to France after his cabinet dissolved. He resigned soon afterward but remained in Paris until his death, living once again in self-imposed exile, while his views came into increasing disfavour in Rome. His second important political work, Del rinnovamento civile d’Italia (1851; “On the Civil Renewal of Italy”), showed greater approval of total democracy, inspired by popular risings in 1848 in Venice and Milan. Gioberti’s fortunes were then reversed: the papacy turned against him, and his works were placed on its Index of Forbidden Books.
(Quantunque le riforme civili onde abbisogna lItalia debb...)
(Scritto nel 1843, il Primato segue di qualche anno la Teo...)
(This book was digitized and reprinted from the collection...)
(This is a pre-1923 historical reproduction that was curat...)
Member of the Chamber of Deputies (Kingdom of Sardinia)