Education
1896 graduate Munich University.
1896 graduate Munich University.
While living in Saint St. Petersburg joined Brusnev Group. 1892 emigrated to Germany. From 1898 again in Saint St. Petersburg.
Sided with Mensheviks. 1905-1906 member, Centr Bureau of Saint St. Petersburg Trade Unions. Editor of its journal “Professional’ynyy soyuz".
After arrest of members of Saint St. Petersburg Executive Committee, served in new Executive Committee. 1902-1924 taught at Saint St. Petersburg University, Psychoneurological Institute and Naval Academy. Specialized in agrarian and housing problems and trade-union movement.
One of first to systematize history of Russian economics thought.
Religion is bad because it forces people to rely on outside authority, rather than becoming self-reliant.
Individuals have rights to express freedom if it safeguarde the interests of a collective.