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Wayne Bidwell Wheeler was born on a farm near Brookfield, Trumbull County, Ohio, the son of Joseph and Ursula (Hutchinson) Wheeler. The family was of New England stock, and a great-grandfather of Wayne, Phineas Wheeler of Vermont, was a soldier in the Revolution. The day-time absence from home of Wayne's father, who conducted a stock-buying business in the neighboring village of Brookfield, made it necessary for the boy at an early age to undertake much of the work on the farm.
At sixteen, on graduating from the Sharon, Pa. , high school, he had his heart set on going to college but met opposition from his parents. Eventually his perseverance won his parents' consent, and to earn his tuition fees he taught school for two years. He then entered the preparatory department of Oberlin College, and received the degree of A. B. from that institution in 1894. In the meantime he worked as janitor, waiter, and financial manager of the Oberlin Review, and sold drugs and blackboard desks. He took almost no part in athletics, but was active in other extra-curricular activities, especially public speaking. In his junior year he was the unanimous choice of the faculty for student speaker on prohibition at a Neal Dow celebration. That he spoke eloquently is attested by his own comment, written years later, to the effect that he had poured out his "soul in youthful ardour, anathematizing the saloon and predicting its final overthrow". In after years Wheeler dated the beginning of his antagonism towards liquor from several terrifying encounters he had had as a child with drunken men. In the atmosphere of Oberlin, which Wheeler later pictured as a "hotbed of temperance people, " this early predisposition became hardened into permanent form. He then enrolled in the law school of Western Reserve University, where for three years, until graduation in 1898, he attended classes and also carried on his work with the League. On receiving the degree of LL. B. he was at once elected attorney for the League's Ohio branch and named "legislative secretary. "
In 1893, he met the Rev. Howard Hyde Russell, who had just organized the Anti-Saloon League of Ohio, and on his graduation accepted a place offered him by Russell as manager of the League for the Dayton district. Seeing that the organization had need of some one with legal training, Wheeler resolved to become a lawyer, and for the next year spent all his spare hours studying under the tutelage of a friendly Cleveland attorney. In 1904, he became superintendent for Ohio, continuing in this post until 1915, when he went to Washington as general counsel of the Anti-Saloon League of America. From his start as a professional prohibitionist, Wheeler displayed unusual talent for political strategy and campaigning. His first task of importance was to defeat a "wet" candidate for the Ohio State Senate. This he accomplished by getting a prominent Methodist business man to run in opposition, and then by organizing sectarian support for the latter. During his busy career he prosecuted over 2, 000 saloon cases, collaborated in writing state and national prohibition legislation, and defended the constitutionality of prohibition laws before state and federal courts and the Supreme Court of the United States. With others he inspired the promulgation in 1914 of Secretary of the Navy Daniels' order prohibiting beverage liquors on any naval vessel or in any navy yard or station, and he was active also in lobbying the war-time prohibition acts through Congress. After the prohibition Amendment passed Congress, his work with state legislatures helped to bring about ratification in the short period of thirteen months. According to his biographer, Wheeler claimed authorship of the prohibition enforcement measure, the Volstead Act. This claim, however, is disputed. Wheeler's qualities (including his limitations) might at any other period have carried their possessor no farther than a modest success in business or in the ministry or in politics. In his career he was greatly helped by the circumstances that his work coincided in time with a spontaneous impulse to reform which made its appearance in America shortly after the turn of the century. By 1933, six years after Wheeler's death, the mighty edifice of Prohibition, to the building and shaping of which he had given his life, had been swept out of existence. By some it was believed that had Wheeler lived this result could never have come about. Others held that it was Wheelerism in prohibition which made its ultimate collapse not only possible but inevitable. His death, resulting from a kidney ailment, followed only a few weeks the tragic fate of his wife, burned to death in their country home.
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He saw little virtue in the policy favored by other prohibitionists of fostering temperance through education. Always he desired "the most severe penalties, the most aggressive policies even to calling out the Army and Navy, the most relentless prosecution. A favorite phrase of his was: 'We'll make them believe in punishment after death' ".
Measured by any gauge Wheeler was a strong man, though he lacked the qualities of imagination and perspective essential to greatness. He was audacious, tireless, persistent, and imbued with a "passionate sincerity that bordered unscrupulousness". Nothing could shake his confidence in the soundness and wisdom of his convictions.
On March 7, 1901, he was married to Ella Belle Candy, daughter of a merchant of Columbus, Ohio. Three sons were born of the union.
