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abolitionist journalist reformer suffragist
Garrison was born on 10 December 1805, in Newburyport, Massachusetts, United States. Garrison's mother was Frances Maria Lloyd, reported to have been tall, charming, and of a strong religious character. His father, Abijah, a sea-captain, went away from home when William was a child, and it is not known whether he died at sea or on land.
Young Garrison lived for a time in the home of a kindly Baptist deacon, where he received the bare rudiments of an education.
He was later apprenticed to a shoemaker, a cabinetmaker, and finally to the printer and editor of the Newburyport Herald.
In 1828, while working for the National Philanthropist, Garrison took a meeting with Benjamin Lundy. The antislavery editor of the Genius of Emancipation brought the cause of abolition to Garrison’s attention. When Lundy offered Garrison an editor’s position at Genius of Emancipation in Vermont, Garrison eagerly accepted. The job marked Garrison’s initiation into the Abolitionist movement.
By the time he was 25 years old, Garrison had joined the American Colonization Society. The society held the view that blacks should move to the west coast of Africa. Garrison at first believed that the society’s goal was to promote blacks’ freedom and well being. But Garrison grew disillusioned when he soon realized that their true objective was to minimize the amount of free slaves in the United States. It became clear to Garrison that this strategy only served to further support the mechanism of slavery.
In 1830 Garrison broke away from the American Colonization Society and started his own abolitionist paper, calling it The Liberator. As published in its first issue, The Liberator’s motto read, "Our country is the world—our countrymen are mankind. " The Liberator was responsible for initially building Garrison’s reputation as an abolitionist.
Garrison soon realized that the abolitionist movement needed to be better organized. In 1832 he helped form the New England Antislavery Society. After taking a short trip to England in 1833, Garrison founded the American Antislavery Society, a national organization dedication to achieving abolition. However, Garrison’s unwillingness to take political action (rather than simply write or speak about the cause of abolition) caused many of his fellow abolitionist supporters to gradually desert the pacifist. Inadvertently, Garrison had created a fracture among members of the American Antislavery Society. By 1840, defectors formed their own rival organization, called the American Foreign and Antislavery Society.
In 1841, an even greater schism existed among members of the abolitionist movement. While many abolitionists were pro-Union, Garrison, who viewed the Constitution as pro-slavery, believed that the Union should be dissolved. He argued that Free states and slave states should in fact be made separate. Garrison was vehemently against the annexation of Texas and strongly objected to the Mexican American War. In August of 1847, Garrison and former slave Frederick Douglass made a series of 40 anti-Union speeches in the Alleghenies.
1854 proved a pivotal year in the Abolition Movement. The Kansas-Nebraska Act established the Kansas and Nebraska territories and repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820, which had regulated the extension of slavery for the prior 30 years. Settlers in those areas where allowed to choose through Popular Sovereignty whether or not they would allow slavery there. The plan, which Garrison considered "a hollow bargain for the North, " backfired when slavery supporters and abolitionists alike rushed Kansas so they could vote on the fate of slavery there. Hostilities led to government corruption and violence. The events of the 1857 Dred Scott Decision further increased tensions among pro and anti-slavery advocates, as it established that Congress was powerless to ban slavery in the federal territories. Not only were blacks not protected by the Constitution, but according to it, they could never become U. S. citizens.
In 1861, as the American Civil War broke out, Garrison continued to criticize the U. S. Constitution in The Liberator, a process of resistance that Garrison had now practiced for nearly 20 years. Understandably, some found it surprising when the pacifist also used his journalism to support Abraham Lincoln and his war policies, even prior to the Emancipation Proclamation in September of 1862.
When the Civil War came to a close in 1865, Garrison at last saw his dream come to fruition: With the 13th Amendment, slavery was outlawed throughout the United States—in both the North and South.
William Lloyd Garrison is best known as the editor of the abolitionist newspaper The Liberator, which he founded with Isaac Knapp. He became a prominent voice for the woman suffrage movement. Also he was one of the founder of The American Anti-Slavery Society.
Boston installed a memorial to Garrison on the mall of Commonwealth Avenue
In December 2005, to honor Garrison's 200th birthday, his descendants gathered in Boston for the first family reunion in about a century. They discussed the legacy and influence of their most notable family member.
Garrison is honored together with Maria Stewart by a feast day on December 17 on the liturgical calendar of the Episcopal Church.
(This book was originally published prior to 1923, and rep...)
(Originally published in 1862 in English, this volume is a...)
In 1832 he was a prime mover in the organization of the New England Anti-Slavery Society (later the Massachusetts Society) and afterwards gradually emerged as a national leader of the "immediatist" group, still a relatively small minority within the antislavery movement.
Some antislavery leaders felt that he, by associating abolitionism in the public mind with other reforms, did the cause serious disservice. Garrison also engaged in a sharp controversy during the 1830's with several New England ministers over the attitude of orthodox Protestant churches toward slavery.
Southerners assumed a connection between his aggressive journalism and Nat Turner's 1831 slave rebellion in Virginia and tended to see him as a symbol of unbridled Northern antislavery radicalism; Georgia, in fact, offered $5, 000 for his arrest and conviction.
When the main thrust of abolition after 1840 turned political, pointing toward the Free Soil and Republican parties, Garrison remained outside, and in terms of practical accomplishment, others did more than he.
Garrison's idea was to combine the moral influence of the North, and pour it through every open channel upon the South.
To this end he made his appeal to the Northern churches and pulpits, beseeching them to bririg the power of Christianity to bear against the slave system, and to advocate the rights of the slaves to immediate and unconditional freedom. He was a man of peace, hating war not less than he did slavery, but he warned his countrymen that if they refused to abolish slavery by moral power a retributive war must sooner or later ensue.
Quotations:
" Our Country, our Whole Country, and nothing but our Country".
" I am in earnest-I will not equivocate-I will not excuse-I will not retreat a single inch-and I will be heard".
William Lloyd Garrison was a member of The American Anti-Slavery Society
Garrison was married to Helen Benson of Connecticut. The couple had five sons and two daughters, of whom a son and a daughter died as children.
Two years later he married Helen Benson of Brooklyn, Connecticut, and settled in Roxbury, Massachussets Of their seven children, five lived to maturity.In 1833 Garrison visited England, where he was welcomed by British antislavery leaders.
