Background
William Henry Goodyear was born on April 21, 1846, in New Haven, Connecticut. He was the youngest son of the inventor, Charles Goodyear, and his wife, Clarissa Beecher.
(Mlr CH. OL, HA :., UfJ PiTY. I A RENAISSANCE LEANING FACA...)
Mlr CH. OL, HA :., UfJ PiTY. I A RENAISSANCE LEANING FACADE AT GENOA. IN several numbers of the Architectural Record magazine which appeared during 1896-7-8, announcements were made of surveys which have been carried out by the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences in various mediaeval Italian churches and cathedrals. A summary account of the surveys was also published by the Brooklyn Institute in 1896, showing that hitherto unrecognized architectural refinements and subtleties are prevalent in many of these buildings. In the summer of 1901, these surveys in Italy were continued with important results. It had hitherto seemed probable that the mediaeval architectural refinements, which had been discovered, had generally become extinct before the Renaissance, and the manner and cause of this mysterious extinction were one of the puzzling features of this study. In 1901, however, several instances of Renaissance survivals of the phenomena were observed. One of these is the case of a constructive leaning faqade in the Renaissance church of S. Ambrogio at Genoa. On the day of sailing from Genoa for New York in 1895 (after six months surveying work in I taly), a forward inclination of this facade was noticed, which appeared to be constructive. A mong the various indications of constructive intention those at the southwest corner of the church are most easilv described, because the side view is concealed on the southeast by an adjoining monastery. At the southwest angle, as seen from the side (F ig. i), the base courses, plinth, and mouldings wxre noted as level. On the other hand, the pilaster had a slight forward tilt, which appeared to be produced by masonry cutting. The front lower angle of each pilaster block appeared to be slightly obtuse, and the rear angle of each block appeared to be slightly acute (F ig. i). Of course, if the obvious lean (F ig. 3) had (Typographical errors above are due to OCR software and don't occur in the book.)
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(This book was originally published prior to 1923, and rep...)
This book was originally published prior to 1923, and represents a reproduction of an important historical work, maintaining the same format as the original work. While some publishers have opted to apply OCR (optical character recognition) technology to the process, we believe this leads to sub-optimal results (frequent typographical errors, strange characters and confusing formatting) and does not adequately preserve the historical character of the original artifact. We believe this work is culturally important in its original archival form. While we strive to adequately clean and digitally enhance the original work, there are occasionally instances where imperfections such as blurred or missing pages, poor pictures or errant marks may have been introduced due to either the quality of the original work or the scanning process itself. Despite these occasional imperfections, we have brought it back into print as part of our ongoing global book preservation commitment, providing customers with access to the best possible historical reprints. We appreciate your understanding of these occasional imperfections, and sincerely hope you enjoy seeing the book in a format as close as possible to that intended by the original publisher.
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(This book was originally published prior to 1923, and rep...)
This book was originally published prior to 1923, and represents a reproduction of an important historical work, maintaining the same format as the original work. While some publishers have opted to apply OCR (optical character recognition) technology to the process, we believe this leads to sub-optimal results (frequent typographical errors, strange characters and confusing formatting) and does not adequately preserve the historical character of the original artifact. We believe this work is culturally important in its original archival form. While we strive to adequately clean and digitally enhance the original work, there are occasionally instances where imperfections such as blurred or missing pages, poor pictures or errant marks may have been introduced due to either the quality of the original work or the scanning process itself. Despite these occasional imperfections, we have brought it back into print as part of our ongoing global book preservation commitment, providing customers with access to the best possible historical reprints. We appreciate your understanding of these occasional imperfections, and sincerely hope you enjoy seeing the book in a format as close as possible to that intended by the original publisher.
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( This work has been selected by scholars as being cultur...)
This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
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(The Grammar of the Lotus, a new History of Classic Orname...)
The Grammar of the Lotus, a new History of Classic Ornament - As a Development of Sun Worship is an unchanged, high-quality reprint of the original edition of 1891. Hansebooks is editor of the literature on different topic areas such as research and science, travel and expeditions, cooking and nutrition, medicine, and other genres. As a publisher we focus on the preservation of historical literature. Many works of historical writers and scientists are available today as antiques only. Hansebooks newly publishes these books and contributes to the preservation of literature which has become rare and historical knowledge for the future.
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(This book was originally published prior to 1923, and rep...)
This book was originally published prior to 1923, and represents a reproduction of an important historical work, maintaining the same format as the original work. While some publishers have opted to apply OCR (optical character recognition) technology to the process, we believe this leads to sub-optimal results (frequent typographical errors, strange characters and confusing formatting) and does not adequately preserve the historical character of the original artifact. We believe this work is culturally important in its original archival form. While we strive to adequately clean and digitally enhance the original work, there are occasionally instances where imperfections such as blurred or missing pages, poor pictures or errant marks may have been introduced due to either the quality of the original work or the scanning process itself. Despite these occasional imperfections, we have brought it back into print as part of our ongoing global book preservation commitment, providing customers with access to the best possible historical reprints. We appreciate your understanding of these occasional imperfections, and sincerely hope you enjoy seeing the book in a format as close as possible to that intended by the original publisher.
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(This book was originally published prior to 1923, and rep...)
This book was originally published prior to 1923, and represents a reproduction of an important historical work, maintaining the same format as the original work. While some publishers have opted to apply OCR (optical character recognition) technology to the process, we believe this leads to sub-optimal results (frequent typographical errors, strange characters and confusing formatting) and does not adequately preserve the historical character of the original artifact. We believe this work is culturally important in its original archival form. While we strive to adequately clean and digitally enhance the original work, there are occasionally instances where imperfections such as blurred or missing pages, poor pictures or errant marks may have been introduced due to either the quality of the original work or the scanning process itself. Despite these occasional imperfections, we have brought it back into print as part of our ongoing global book preservation commitment, providing customers with access to the best possible historical reprints. We appreciate your understanding of these occasional imperfections, and sincerely hope you enjoy seeing the book in a format as close as possible to that intended by the original publisher.
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( This work has been selected by scholars as being cultur...)
This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
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(This book was originally published prior to 1923, and rep...)
This book was originally published prior to 1923, and represents a reproduction of an important historical work, maintaining the same format as the original work. While some publishers have opted to apply OCR (optical character recognition) technology to the process, we believe this leads to sub-optimal results (frequent typographical errors, strange characters and confusing formatting) and does not adequately preserve the historical character of the original artifact. We believe this work is culturally important in its original archival form. While we strive to adequately clean and digitally enhance the original work, there are occasionally instances where imperfections such as blurred or missing pages, poor pictures or errant marks may have been introduced due to either the quality of the original work or the scanning process itself. Despite these occasional imperfections, we have brought it back into print as part of our ongoing global book preservation commitment, providing customers with access to the best possible historical reprints. We appreciate your understanding of these occasional imperfections, and sincerely hope you enjoy seeing the book in a format as close as possible to that intended by the original publisher.
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William Henry Goodyear was born on April 21, 1846, in New Haven, Connecticut. He was the youngest son of the inventor, Charles Goodyear, and his wife, Clarissa Beecher.
Goodyear spent six boyhood years in England and France, gaining a cosmopolitan background which he broadened at Yale by specializing in history.
After his graduation in 1867, he went to Heidelberg and later to Berlin for further study in history and Roman law. The accident of ill health sent him to Italy, where he became deeply interested in Roman and medieval antiquities.
He returned to Berlin to study under the eminent archeologist, Karl Friederichs, whom he accompanied to Cyprus in 1869 when the latter went to negotiate for the Di Cesnola finds. Goodyear returned through Syria, Greece, and Italy, studying the monuments.
At Pisa in February 1870, Goodyear made important discoveries which determined his life-work.
Taking his cue from Ruskin’s notes on architectural “refinements” at Pisa, he subjected the cathedral group to a searching survey with foot rule and plumb-line, bringing to light an amazing number of subtle irregularities - bends, leans, curves in lines and surfaces supposedly straight - which he was able to demonstrate could not be due to accident or settling, but must be the result of the architect’s reasoned esthetic intent.
In August 1874, he published the results in Scribner’s Monthly, under the title, “A Lost Art, ” promulgating the theory that until Gothic tradition was discarded during the Renaissance, mathematical regularity in the great buildings of history was the exception rather than the rule.
Twenty years elapsed before Goodyear had the financial means to pursue investigations necessary to prove the wide distribution of refinements, to trace their historic continuity from remote classic antiquity to the Renaissance, and to restore them to vitality in modern building design; ut he never abandoned his purpose.
In the interim, he embarked upon the long career of teaching, writing, and educational lecturing which, extending over thirty-five years, did so much to awaken in America some sense of artistic values.
His knowledge of Cypriote antiquities won him in 1882 a curatorship at the Metropolitan Museum. Eight years later, he was called to the Museum of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences where he remained at the head of the department of fine arts from its organization until his death.
During his museum years, he gained, according to Conrow, an extensive grasp of historic painting, Greek and modern sculpture, ceramics, jade, and ancient glass, and a scholarly grasp of classic and American archeology, ethnology, and anthropology.
At his suggestion the Children’s Museum of the Brooklyn Institute was established in 1899 and in 1902, he helped to found the American Anthropological Association.
In 1891, at the close of a research trip to Egypt, Goodyear completed his Grammar of the Lotus, tracing the origin of Greek ornament to the symbols of the sun-worshipers. By 1895 financial backing was assured for the long-delayed survey of the architectural monuments of Europe which he carried out between that year and 1914.
Using as detectives camera and plumbline, he gathered with infinite pains survey proofs of refinements in Egyptian, Greek, Roman, Byzantine, and Gothic buildings. With the publication of the data in American and foreign technical journals, and with the exhibition here and abroad of enlarged survey photographs, many eminent authorities were convinced not only of the structural and therefore purposed character of the irregularities, but of their effectiveness in enhancing the apparent size of structures as well as the interest and vitality of the architecture.
Goodyear’s catalogs for the survey exhibitions in Rome and in Edinburgh in 1905 are, according to Porter, among his most important utterances on the subject, and in general the pronouncements of learned societies and critics indicate that he largely won his case for deviation as the traditional practice in the architecture of all but modern times.
By the rediscovery of this fundamental principle, repairs began upon St. Mark’s, Venice, and projected for the Leaning Tower of Pisa were checked, and refinements were incorporated in such modern buildings as the Cathedral of St. John the Divine in New York, the Columbia University Library, the Albright Art Gallery, Buffalo, New York, and the Art Museum in Fairmount Park, Philadelphia.
At the time of his death, Goodyear was engaged in drawing together in definitive book form his widely scattered papers on refinements.
The introductory volume, Greek Refinements, was published in 1912. For the publication of the remainder of his studies, a fund was subscribed by friends of the Architectural Research and the Brooklyn Museum.
(The Grammar of the Lotus, a new History of Classic Orname...)
(Unlike some other reproductions of classic texts (1) We h...)
(This book was originally published prior to 1923, and rep...)
(This book was originally published prior to 1923, and rep...)
(This book was originally published prior to 1923, and rep...)
(This book was originally published prior to 1923, and rep...)
(This book was originally published prior to 1923, and rep...)
(Many of the earliest books, particularly those dating bac...)
( This work has been selected by scholars as being cultur...)
( This work has been selected by scholars as being cultur...)
( This work has been selected by scholars as being cultur...)
(Mlr CH. OL, HA :., UfJ PiTY. I A RENAISSANCE LEANING FACA...)
Goodyear was thrice married: on June 30, 1871, to Mrs. Sarah M. Sanford; on February 1, 1879, to Nellie F. M. Johns, and on January 1, 1897, to Mary Katharine Convert.