Background
William Francis Hillebrand was born on December 12, 1853 in Honolulu, Hawaii, United States. His father, a native of Germany, was a physician, a botanist, and a member of the Privy Council of King Kamehameha V; his mother was an American.
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(Excerpt from Some Principles and Methods of Rock Analysis...)
Excerpt from Some Principles and Methods of Rock Analysis With the introduction of improved methods of examination by the petrographer, especially as applied to thin rock sections, and the use of heavy solutions, whereby, on the one hand, the qualitative mineral composition of a rock could be preliminarily ascertained with consid crable certainty, and on the other, chemical examination Of the more or less perfectly separated ingredients was rendered possible, a great help and incentive was afforded to the few chemists engaged in rock analysis. The microscope often obviated in part the necessity for tedious and time-wasting qualitative tests, and the heavy solutions, by permitting the concentration and separation of certain components, facilitated the detection of elements whose existence had long been overlooked. Meanwhile in the progress of chemistry new methods and reagents for qualitative detection and quantitative separation and estimation were gradually being discovered and devised. The supposed adequacy of some well-established methods was Shown to be unwarranted; some had to be discarded altogether, others were still utilizable after modi fication. In the light thus Shed it became possible to explain many hitherto incomprehensiblevariations in the composition of some rock species or types, as Shown in earlier analyses, and in not a few cases it appeared that the failure to report the presence of one or more elements had obscured relations and differences which more thorough examination Showed to exist (see pp. 16 Consequently there arose a feeling of distrust of much of the older work in the minds of those chemists and petrographers best fitted to judge of its probable qualities. This, and 'the incompleteness of nearly all the earlier work (and much of that of to-day, unfortunately), as shown by the largely increased list of those elements now known to enter into the normal composition of rocks, is rendering the old material less and less avall able to meet the increasing demands of the petrographer. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
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William Francis Hillebrand was born on December 12, 1853 in Honolulu, Hawaii, United States. His father, a native of Germany, was a physician, a botanist, and a member of the Privy Council of King Kamehameha V; his mother was an American.
Hillebrand's first schooling was at Oahu College, Punahou, and at the College School, Oakland, California. He entered Cornell University in 1870, where he stayed until 1872. That summer, while at Bonn, Germany, he decided upon his profession, but only because his father suggested chemistry. He matriculated at Heidelberg, where he studied under Bunsen, Kirchhoff, Blum, the younger Leonhard, Karl Klein, and Treitschke, and received the degree of doctor of philosophy, summa cum laude, in March 1875.
During three semesters at Strassburg, he studied organic chemistry with Fittig and microscopical petrography under Rosenbusch. In the winter of 1877-1878 he took courses in metallurgy and assaying at the Royal Mining Academy in Freiberg.
Just before his death the University awarded him the honorary degree of doctor of natural philosophy, because of his many discoveries in the field of chemical geology.
Hillebrand's first research, in collaboration with Thomas Herbert Norton, was on the preparation, for the first time, of the metals cerium, lanthanum and "didymium". Working alone he showed that these are trivalent rare-earth metals, and not divalent alkaline earths.
In the fall of 1878 he returned to the United States. The next summer he went to Colorado, where he worked as assayer at Leadville until 1880, when he became chemist of the Rocky Mountain Division of the United States Geological Survey at Denver. In November 1885 he was transferred to the Washington laboratory.
Within less than a decade after joining the Geological Survey, Hillebrand began to be known for his accurate and complete analyses of minerals and rocks. Laying especial stress upon the determination of the elements which occur in very small percentages, because of their significance to the geologist, he discovered that the igneous rocks of the Rocky Mountain region contain larger percentages of barium and strontium than are found in similar rocks farther east and west. To make such analyses required new methods, or the adaptation and improvement of existing ones. He was active in such work, and was the first to publish a consistent outline for the complete analysis of a silicate rock. Appearing first as a fifty-page section of Bulletin 148 (1897) of the United States Geological Survey, this outline was four times revised, enlarged, and separately published by the Survey (Bulletin 176, 1900; 305, 1907; 422, 1910, partly revised when reprinted in 1916; and 700, 1919). The first and third revisions were translated into German.
In 1890 Hillebrand announced the discovery of nitrogen in the gas evolved when uraninite is dissolved in acids (American Journal of Science, November 1890; United States Geological Survey Bulletin 78, 1890). Some peculiarities of the gas led him to suspect that there was some other element in it. He pointed out that the summations of his analyses would be correct if the gas were half as dense as nitrogen. Before he was able to follow the matter up, Sir William Ramsay discovered (1895) that hydrogen, argon, and helium (the last-named gas up to that time had been known only by lines in the sun's spectrum), are evolved from cleveite; and soon afterwards, working with uraninite supplied by Hillebrand, Ramsay found that the gas evolved from it is a mixture of nitrogen and helium.
Hillebrand was appointed chief chemist of the Bureau of Standards in 1908, and held the position until his death. Under him the chemistry division increased greatly in the scope of its work. From 1892 to 1910 he was professor of general chemistry and physics in the National College of Pharmacy (after 1906 a part of George Washington University).
(Excerpt from Some Principles and Methods of Rock Analysis...)
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Hillebrand was active in the American Chemical Society; he served on its committee on coal analysis, and for years was chairman of the supervisory committee on standard methods of analysis. He was president of the society in 1906, and at one time or another was assistant or associate editor of its three journals.
He was a member and then fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, a member of the American Society for Testing Materials, the Geological Society of Washington, the American Philosophical Society, and the National Academy of Sciences; a charter member of the Washington Academy of Sciences, corresponding member of the Gottingen Gesellschaft, honorary member of the Colorado Scientific Society.
In 1881 Hillebrand married Martha Westcott of Perrysburg, Ohio. They had two sons.