Background
He was born into slavery in Marshall, Texas in 1841, the child of Captain Bird Holland and a slave named Matilda.
He was born into slavery in Marshall, Texas in 1841, the child of Captain Bird Holland and a slave named Matilda.
During the American Civil War, he served in the Union Army, while his father died while serving as a Confederate Army officer After the war ended, he returned to Texas where he taught school and became active in the Republican Party. He was elected to the legislature in 1876.