An Organismal Theory of Consciousness (Classic Reprint)
(Excerpt from An Organismal Theory of Consciousness
With ...)
Excerpt from An Organismal Theory of Consciousness
With the distinction here made once fully grasped comes the revelation that man is an Object of zoological research and treatment no less certainly than is a horse, a fish, a lobster, or an amoeba. But since man's highest, that is his psychical or spiritual attributes are the ones most decisive of his kind, it is these attributes which make him particularly interesting, zoologically speaking - just as, for example, it is the attributes of a horse as a horse, and not as an animal generally that elicits our particular interest in the horse. Zoology rightly understood is preeminent among all the sciences as the science of particulars. This important truth seems to have been first appreciated by Aristotle; and the fact that oneof the most fundamental differences between him and his teacher, Plato, concerned the doctrine of Par ticulars as opposed to that of Universals, is probably con nected closely with Aristotle's great interest in and attention to zoology. I have not seen any reference to this surmise by writers on Aristotle and his philosophy, yet it appears to me highly significant.
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University of California Publications in Zoology, 1913-1916, Vol. 12: With 22 Plates (Classic Reprint)
(Excerpt from University of California Publications in Zoo...)
Excerpt from University of California Publications in Zoology, 1913-1916, Vol. 12: With 22 Plates
The throat may be as purely and extensively white as in canadensis, there may be a few flecks of black along the median line, or there may be a' solid black bar. In one or two instances this bar is of such Width that the white cheek markings are reduced to small, oblong patches (in no. 22026 they measure 44 by 15 mm) These may be thickly speckled with black.
About the Publisher
Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com
This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
The Unity Of The Organism V2: Or, The Organismal Conception Of Life
(This scarce antiquarian book is a facsimile reprint of th...)
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University of California Publications in Zoology, 1915-1917, Vol. 16: With 46 Plates (Classic Reprint)
(Excerpt from University of California Publications in Zoo...)
Excerpt from University of California Publications in Zoology, 1915-1917, Vol. 16: With 46 Plates
The type is in the protozoological collections of the Zoological Laboratory of'the University of California and a cotype has been deposited in the United States National Museum at Washington.
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This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
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Dimyctylus Torosus Esch: The Life History And Habits Of The Pacific Coast Newt
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The Probable Infinity of Nature and Life: Three Essays (Classic Reprint)
(Excerpt from The Probable Infinity of Nature and Life: Th...)
Excerpt from The Probable Infinity of Nature and Life: Three Essays
It is almost as much on account of the super-history furnished by these essays as on account of what is said in them that I am now publishing them. They were not written with any definite purpose Of publication. The ones on spontaneous generation and multiple causes were prepared as addresses for scientific societies. That on the infinity Of nature was written mainly to enable me to see where my biological development was tending as touching other domains Of knowledge. TO state more specifically why I now publish the essays essentially as they were written, I find on approaching the completion Of the Unity of the Orgamm, that I need the essays in print, partly as record and partly as super-record. What I am writing now in the larger work, I want to attach directly to what I wrote earlier about the origin of life and to do so without rewrit ing the Old essay and incorporating it as a section in the later book.
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The Unity of the Organism; Or, the Organismal Conception of Life
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William Emerson Ritter was an American naturalist and science administrator.
Background
William Emerson Ritter was born on November 21, 1856 on his father's farm near Hampden, Wisconsin, the first son and third of five children of Horatio and Leonora (Eason) Ritter, both natives of New York state. In later life he spoke of the influence which his rural boyhood, with its close communion with nature, had had upon his philosophical predilections and choice of career.
Education
He graduated in 1884 from the State Normal School at Oshkosh and taught in the public schools of both Wisconsin and California before enrolling at the University of California during the year 1886-87 to study with Joseph Le Conte, some of whose writings he had read. After receiving the B. S. degree in 1888, he went on to graduate study in natural history at Harvard, where he took an A. M. degree in 1891 and the Ph. D. in 1893, at the age of thirty-six.
Career
Upon receipt of his master's degree Ritter had returned to the University of California, where he was appointed an instructor in biology and organized the university's first laboratory instruction in that subject.
In 1893 Ritter was raised to the rank of assistant professor. He spent the academic year 1894-95 abroad, at the Zoological Station at Naples and at the University of Berlin.
He became associate professor in 1898 and professor in 1902. Until about 1910 Ritter's major scientific interests lay in the fields of morphology and taxonomy. His doctoral dissertation, "On the Eyes, the Integumentary Sense Papillae, and the Integument of the San Diego Blind Fish (Typhlogobius californiensis, Steindachner), " affirmed his interest in marine life, an interest that was broadened by his participation in 1899 in the Harriman Alaska Expedition. In connection with his teaching, Ritter conducted a series of informal summer laboratories at various places along the southern California coast.
As early as 1901 he had begun to think of a permanent marine biology station where "detailed, comprehensive, continuous and long-continued observation and experiment" would be possible. Like other scientists in these years before the existence of philanthropic foundations and government subvention, Ritter was forced to raise money among interested individuals to finance his summer excursions. His wife testified that he was one "who could never ask anyone directly for a dollar, " but he had the talent of inspiring prospective donors with something of his own interest in research.
Through the aid of Dr. Fred Baker, a San Diego physician and amateur naturalist, the Marine Biological Association of San Diego was incorporated in 1903 to support Ritter's summer laboratory, which at that time was moved to the San Diego area, at La Jolla. The association began raising funds; among those contributing were the newspaper publisher E. W. Scripps and his sister Ellen Browning Scripps.
Scripps had a deserved reputation for being difficult to know, but something, perhaps their common rural background, brought him close to Ritter. Indeed, it has been said that the latter was "the only person with whom he ever developed a genuine and close personal friendship. "
Together, the philanthropist and the scientist were to establish three important institutions: the Scripps Institution of Oceanography at La Jolla, the Foundation for Population Research at Miami University in Ohio, and Science Service in Washington, D. C. The biological station at La Jolla gradually evolved, between 1903 and 1909, from a summer teaching operation into the ongoing research center which Ritter had envisioned.
In 1909 he moved to La Jolla as its full-time head, a position he held until 1923, at which time he became professor emeritus at the University of California. Named the Scripps Institution for Biological Research when the university took it over in 1912, the station became the Scripps Institution of Oceanography in 1925.
Ritter and Scripps worked closely together during its early years, though it was clear that their perceptions of its fundamental purpose diverged somewhat. Although Ritter was not without his own philosophical quirks, he was thinking in terms of a fairly straightforward biological (later oceanographic) research center.
Scripps, for his part, had always been attracted to the problem of man's true nature, and during his association with Ritter he came to believe that biology was, in fact, the parent of the social sciences. When the expansion of the Institution's program to include man as well as marine species appeared clearly to conflict with University of California policy, Ritter and Scripps turned to other agencies to carry on this broader work.
The Foundation for Population Research was established in 1922, with Scripps providing the endowment and the sociologist Warren S. Thompson as director. Its work reflected the concern of Scripps over the growth, distribution, and support of world population, especially the apparent migration from rural to urban areas. Science Service, a news agency, sought to bring accurate scientific information to the public by preparing material for newspapers and by its own weekly Science News-Letter.
Founded in 1921, with trustees nominated by both scientific and newspaper groups, the Service encountered early difficulties, for, as Ritter discovered, many of his colleagues regarded "newspaper science" with some abhorrence. At the suggestion of Scripps, Ritter gave up his directorship at La Jolla in 1923 and moved to Washington, D. C. , to give Science Service his personal attention. Ritter returned to Berkeley in 1927 and spent most of the rest of his life dealing with those philosophical questions which he had long considered to be implicit in his biological work.
A Unitarian in religion, he had been influenced by Le Conte, by Josiah Royce at Harvard and by a faculty colleague in the philosophy department at Berkeley, George Holmes Howison, who considered himself a subjective idealist. Increasingly, after 1910, Ritter - no doubt under the prodding of Scripps - concentrated his attention on the problem of finding in nature a justification for the moral principles which he already cherished.
He published many articles on the subject, and such books as War, Science and Civilization (1915), The Higher Usefulness of Science (1918), and The Unity of the Organism (1919). The two major works to appear after his retirement were The Natural History of Our Conduct (1927) and The California Woodpecker and I (1938), both of which sought to examine human conduct in the light of the behavior of non-human animals.
After his death another collection of his biological-philosophical papers was published under the title Charles Darwin and the Golden Rule (1954). Ritter continued his mental activity even during the last few months of his life when his health was far from robust. He made his home at the Hotel Claremont in Berkeley and died of a heart attack in that city in 1944, at the age of eighty-seven. He was buried in the Sunset Mausoleum in Berkeley.