The Journey of William of Rubruck to the Eastern Parts of the World, 1253-55: As Narrated by Himself, With Two Accounts of the Earlier Journey of John of Pian De Carpine
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China's Intercourse With Korea from the to Century (Classic Reprint)
(In 1888 I published in vol. xiii of the Journal of the Am...)
In 1888 I published in vol. xiii of the Journal of the American Oriental Society a paper entitled Korea in its Relations to China. During succeeding years I made frequent changes in this study as my readings supplied me with additional matter, or as passing events enabled me to add something of interest to it. It has been suggested to me that in this amplified form my paper might prove of interest to-iltiits of ,pF iiental history, and for that reason I llaV e,b|ought.it:out. in Jlie present form, adding to it a chaffer on some of the Taws and customs of Korea, the substance of a portion of which appeared in 1891 in the American A nthropologist, W. WOODVILLE ROCKHILL. Washington. thM arch, 1905. About the Publisher Forgotten Books is a publisher of historical writings, such as: Philosophy, Classics, Science, Religion, History, Folklore and Mythology. Forgotten Books' Classic Reprint Series utilizes the latest technology to regenerate facsimiles of historically important writings. Careful attention has been made to accurately preserve the original format of each page whilst digitally enhancing the aged text. Read books online for free at www.forgottenbooks.org
Udânavarga: A Collection of Verses From the Buddhist Canon
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Treaties, Conventions, Agreements, Ordinances, Etc. Relating to China and Korea (October, 1904-January, 1908): Being a Supplement to Rockhill's ... Concerning China and Korea, 1894-1904 (1908)
(Originally published in 1908. This volume from the Cornel...)
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The Life of the Buddha, and the Early History of His Order
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William Woodville Rockhill, born 1 May 1854, was an orientalist and diplomat. He was famous for his published descriptions of his scientific expeditions to Mongolia and Tibet, and translations of Asian cultural inheritance. His participation in regulating the Boxer rebellion in China in 1900 was a notable feature of his diplomatic career.
Background
William Woodville Rockhill was born on 1 May 1854 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the son of Thomas Cadwallader and Dorothy Anna (Woodville) Rockhill. His father died when he was 13 years old and his mother relocated the family to France to escape the Civil War.
Education
In Paris he commenced his Tibetan studies.
In 1873 he graduated from École Spéciale Militaire de Saint-Cyr, France.
Career
After graduating in 1873, he served three years as lieutenant in the French army in Algeria.
Throughout a career of thirty years he combined a profound interest in Far-Eastern studies with the professional duties of a diplomat. His first assignments involved appointments to Peking as second secretary of the American legation from April 9, 1884, as secretary of the legation from July 1, 1885, and as chargé d'affaires (a diplomat who heads an embassy in the absence of the ambassador) at Seoul, from December 11, 1886, to April 3, 1887, at a time when China, Russia, and Japan were each centered on gaining control of Korea.
While at Peking Rockhill had viewed his appointment as an opportunity to continue Tibetan studies commenced at Paris.
He had already published (1884) a translation into French of the Prātimokṣa Sutra (Le Traité d'Émancipation) and The Life of the Buddha (1884).
Upon his temporary withdrawal from the diplomatic service on July 5, 1888, he engaged himself to the Smithsonian Institution, under whose auspices he made two scientific expeditions to Mongolia and Tibet (1888-89 and 1891 - 92). His journeys, directed into eastern and southern Tibet, regions difficult to traverse but rich for geographical and ethnographical observations, produced a variety of valuable reports and works on the then secluded and little-known country.
His researches in later years included the pre-modern relations of China with the Western world by the routes along the coasts of India and overland through Turkestan.
While at St. Petersburg, he edited and translated with Professor Friedrich Hirth of Columbia University the Chu-fan-Ch (1912) of Chau Ju-kua, Imperial trade commissioner at Amoy, on Chinese and Arab trade in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. His researches on the relations and trade of China with the Eastern Archipelago and the coasts of the Indian Ocean during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries continued until his death.
His interest in East Asiatic bibliography was expressed in gifts of over 6, 000 volumes of rare Chinese works to the Chinese Division of the Library of Congress.
The Library acquired from him also a 1733 edition of the Tibetan Kanjur.
He had returned to the service of the Department of State, April14, 1893, as chief clerk, and was made third assistant secretary of state a year later. Until 1899 he served in various capacities, as delegate to the International Congress of Geography, London, in 1895, as assistant secretary of state from February 14, 1896, until May 10, 1897, as minister and consul-general to Greece, Roumania, and Servia from July 8, 1897, to May 19, 1899, when he resigned to accept an appointment as director of the International Bureau of the American Republics, a position said to have been secured for him in order that the Department of State might still have the benefit of his advice on diplomatic matters in Asia.
His hand is clearly evident in the policy of John Hay throughout the Boxer insurrection in China, and the subsequent settlements. Just prior to the international cataclysm of 1900, Hay had announced his open-door doctrine as applicable to China, employing almost the precise words of a lengthy memorandum of Rockhill under date of August 28, 1899. It was Rockhill's role to adhere to the formula, announced in Hay's circular note to the powers of July 3, 1900, of regarding the Boxer disturbance as a state of anarchy, not of war against the Chinese Empire. The American phase of the negotiations thus facilitated the mitigation of the penalties imposed upon the Chinese people in the protocol of September 7, 1901.
The eventual determination of the monetary indemnity ($333, 000, 000) was doubtless less than it would have been but for the good offices of the United States. The subsequent proposal for the remission of one half of the unexpended balance of the American portion of the indemnity for the education of Chinese was a part of the general benevolent policy advocated by Rockhill for the strengthening of China. Rockhill's subsequent public career included his resumption of duty as director of the International Bureau of American Republics on October 24, 1901, his resignation on March 7, 1905, enabling him to return to China as American minister, a congenial post which he held until appointed ambassador to Russia, May 17, 1909.
His diplomatic career terminated as ambassador to Turkey (April 24, 1911, until the autumn of 1913).
In 1914 he revisited China, including a journey to Mongolia, under the auspices of the American Asiatic Association. In the same year he accepted an appointment as personal advisor to the President of China, Yuan Shih-k'ai, whose acquaintance as the representative of China he had first made in Korea in 1886. While returning to China for this purpose, Rockhill died at Honolulu.
His principal published works, aside from those already mentioned, comprised: "Tibet, from Chinese Sources" Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, January, April 1891; Udānavarga, the Northern Buddhist Version of Dhammapada (1883); The Land of the Lamas (1891); Diary of a Journey in Mongolia and Tibet in 1891 and 1892 (1894); Notes on the Ethnology of Tibet (1895); The Journey of William of Rubruck (1900); Report of William W. Rockhill, late Commissioner to China (1901); China's Intercourse with Korea from the XVth Century to 1895 (1905), Conventions and Treaties with or concerning China and Korea (1904), supplemented by another volume in 1908; and monographs appearing in T'oung Pao (Paris) and other journals.
(In 1888 I published in vol. xiii of the Journal of the Am...)
Personality
Quotes from others about the person
Rockhill's public services still remain to be fully recognized. Secretary of State John Hay associated him with Henry White as one of the two best American diplomats of the time (W. R. Thayer, Life and Letters of John Hay, 1908, II, 244).
Connections
He had married twice. His first wife was Caroline Adams of Philadelphia, whom he had married on December 14, 1876. In April 1900 he was married to Edith Howell Perkins of Litchfield, Connecticut. Two daughters survived him.