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was born at St. Andrews, Scotland, United Kingdom. He came of a family of gardeners.
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was born at St. Andrews, Scotland, United Kingdom. He came of a family of gardeners.
He received a thorough practical training in the art, together with a course in horticulture, at the University of Edinburgh.
In 1848, shortly after his marriage in England, he removed to America, settling at first in New Haven, Connecticut.
In 1854 he formed a partnership with Thomas Meehan in Philadelphia for the practice of landscape gardening. He designed the Clifton Park estate of Johns Hopkins and the Ross Winans place in Baltimore; Rose Hill Cemetery, Chicago, and a number of cemeteries and private estates. In 1862 he was appointed superintendent of the experimental gardens of the newly created Department of Agriculture. In 1863 he designed the national cemetery at Gettysburg and in 1865, at the suggestion of General Grant, selected the site and designed the grounds of the Lincoln monument at Springfield, Ill.
In addition to establishing conservatories and greenhouses for the study of plants economically important, he assembled for the Department of Agriculture and established on the Mall an extensive collection of trees and shrubs regarded as adapted to the conditions of the middle Atlantic tidewater. From about 1870 until the realignment of the Mall in 1931 this was considered the most comprehensive arboretum in North America south of the Arnold Arboretum near Boston.
As a member of the parking commission, an advisory body created in 1871, he helped to develop the system of street tree planting used in the District of Columbia. He organized and directed the exhibits of the Department of Agriculture at the Centennial Exhibition in Philadelphia in 1876, the New Orleans exposition of 1884, and the Paris exposition of 1889.
He was also a pioneer in the introduction of foreign plants. As early as 1866 he introduced the Australian eucalyptus globulus into California. In 1870 he imported from Russia and later distributed through the northern states scions of some three hundred varieties of Russian apples, one of which, Yellow Transparent, became a widely planted summer apple. From Japan he introduced the hardy trifoliate orange, the dominant understock for the Satsuma group of oranges, and in 1871 from Bahia, Brazil, the Washington Navel orange, which promptly became the leading commercial variety in California and gave strong impetus to the development of the citrus industry in the southwest.
Furthermore, he sensed the needs and desires of rural people and as early as 1855 outlined an organization for mutual help. One of the seven organizers of the order of Patrons of Husbandry, he wrote its constitution and preamble in 1867, and served as master of the national organization for the first six years.
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In 1848 he marided to Martha Mildwaters in England.