Vida de Agustin de Iturbide. Memorias de Agustin de Iturbide - Primary Source Edition (Spanish Edition)
(This is a reproduction of a book published before 1923. T...)
This is a reproduction of a book published before 1923. This book may have occasional imperfections such as missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. that were either part of the original artifact, or were introduced by the scanning process. We believe this work is culturally important, and despite the imperfections, have elected to bring it back into print as part of our continuing commitment to the preservation of printed works worldwide. We appreciate your understanding of the imperfections in the preservation process, and hope you enjoy this valuable book.
Manifiesto del General D. Agustin de Iturbide (Spanish Edition)
(Manifiesto del General D. Agustin de Iturbide
por Agusti...)
Manifiesto del General D. Agustin de Iturbide
por Agustin de Iturbide
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Mémoires Autographes De Don Augustin Iturbide: Ex-Empereur Du Mexique, Contenant Le Détail Des Principaux Événements De Sa Vie Publique, Avec Une Préface Et Des Pièces Justificatives; (French Edition)
(This book was originally published prior to 1923, and rep...)
This book was originally published prior to 1923, and represents a reproduction of an important historical work, maintaining the same format as the original work. While some publishers have opted to apply OCR (optical character recognition) technology to the process, we believe this leads to sub-optimal results (frequent typographical errors, strange characters and confusing formatting) and does not adequately preserve the historical character of the original artifact. We believe this work is culturally important in its original archival form. While we strive to adequately clean and digitally enhance the original work, there are occasionally instances where imperfections such as blurred or missing pages, poor pictures or errant marks may have been introduced due to either the quality of the original work or the scanning process itself. Despite these occasional imperfections, we have brought it back into print as part of our ongoing global book preservation commitment, providing customers with access to the best possible historical reprints. We appreciate your understanding of these occasional imperfections, and sincerely hope you enjoy seeing the book in a format as close as possible to that intended by the original publisher.
(Los pliegos que aquí se presentan fueron escritos por Agu...)
Los pliegos que aquí se presentan fueron escritos por Agustín de Iturbide en su exilio europeo. Son la evocación y el alegato que ubican la conducta política de un hombre escorzado. Desde una encrucijada incierta, Iturbide mandó este opúsculo en el inter-ior de una botella encorchada al océano de la historia. Continúa indel
A Statement of Some of the Principal Events in the Public Life of Agustin De Iturbide, Written by Himself: With a Preface by the Translator, and an Appendix of Documents (Classic Reprint)
(Excerpt from A Statement of Some of the Principal Events ...)
Excerpt from A Statement of Some of the Principal Events in the Public Life of Agustin De Iturbide, Written by Himself: With a Preface by the Translator, and an Appendix of Documents
It is scarcely necessary to observe that, though Mexico is naturally the richest country perhaps in the world, yet its circulating wealth is very limited, and even that does not belong to the people. They possess as yet neither in dividual independence, education, or political spirit, and a scheme of government must be wholly unsuited to their genius, which depends upon the free and enlightened exertions of the community, and in every department of it stands in need of the powerful control of public opinion.
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Agustín Cosme Damián de Iturbide y Arámburu was a Mexican army general and politician.
Background
Agustín Cosme Damian de Iturbide y Arámburu was born in what was called Valladolid, now Morelia, the state capital of Michoacán, on 27 September 1783. He was baptized with the names of Saints Cosmas and Damian at the cathedral. The fifth child born to his parents, he was the only male to survive and eventually became head of the family. Iturbide's parents were part of the privileged class of Valladolid, owning farmland such as the haciendas of Apeo and Guaracha as well as lands in nearby Quirio. Iturbide's father, Joaquín de Iturbide, came from a family of the Basque gentry who were confirmed in nobility by King Juan II of Aragon. One of his ancestors, Martín de Iturbide, was designated as Royal Merino in the High Valley of Baztan in the 1430s, and thereafter many in the family held political or administrative positions in the Basque Country from the 15th century. As a younger son, Joaquín was not in line to inherit the family lands, so he migrated to New Spain to make his fortune there. While the aristocratic and Spanish lineage of Agustin's father was not in doubt, his mother's ancestry was less clear.
His mother was of pure Spanish blood born in Mexico, and therefore, a criolla. Some sources state she came from a high-ranking family in Michoacán. In the Spanish colonial era, racial caste was important to advancement, including military rank, and having some indigenous ancestry was often a disadvantage. Iturbide insisted throughout his life that he was criollo (native born of Spanish descent).
Education
Agustín studied at the Catholic seminary called Colegio de San Nicolás in Valladolid, enrolled in the program for secular officials, though he was not a distinguished student.
Career
Iturbide received a commission in the royal militia and quickly gained fame for his daring actions during the campaigns against the liberal revolutionaries. Employing imaginative stratagems and stern measures, he acquired a reputation for bravery and harshness, earning several promotions. By 1813 he held the rank of colonel, commanding the Celaya regiment in addition to serving as military commandant of the intendancy of Guanajuato. Two years later he was placed in charge of the Army of the North, whose jurisdiction encompassed the intendancies of Valladolid and Guanajuato.
Iturbide was among the young Creole aristocrats who began to contemplate the possibility of separation from Spain in response to an 1820 military revolt which placed Spain under a liberal regime. Iturbide was then commanding royal forces pursuing Vicente Guerrero, one of the few liberal revolutionaries still in the field. The two entered into negotiations, and Guerrero pledged his support to his former adversary.
On February 24, 1821, Iturbide launched his own revolt by issuing the Plan of Iguala, also known as the Triguarantine Plan. His 23-article statement spelled out a conservative program based on three guarantees: religion, independence, and union. These terms indicated that Iturbide was dedicated to preserving the colonial system, merely substituting Creoles for Spaniards in governmental posts. He aspired to constitute Mexico into an independent monarchy, headed by a Bourbon prince, while preserving class and Church privileges.
Much of the Creole populace rallied to Iturbide's support. When Capt. Gen. Juan O'Donojú arrived to assume his duties as the new Spanish viceroy in Mexico a few months later, he found Iturbide in effective control of the country. Lacking sufficient forces to challenge the Mexican leader's ascendancy, the viceroy proposed negotiations. The resulting Treaty of Cordova confirmed Mexican independence under a Bourbon prince and stipulated that, pending selection of a monarch, Mexico would be governed by a junta headed by Iturbide and including O'Donojú in its membership. Iturbide, the "Liberator, " rode triumphantly into Mexico City at the head of his army on his thirty-eighth birthday, September 27, 1821.
When members of the Spanish royal family spurned the proffered Mexican throne, Creole sentiment turned toward investing Iturbide with the honor. On May 18, 1822, a sergeant in Iturbide's own Celaya regiment launched a "popular" movement to proclaim Iturbide emperor. The Liberator exhibited a proper degree of reluctance, but the next day Congress, with tumultuous crowds of Iturbide's adherents jamming the hall, formally selected him as emperor. Lack of a quorum cast doubt upon the legality of this mandate, but the action had considerable popular support.
Iturbide was crowned Emperor Agustín I on July 21, 1822, amid elaborate pageantry. The new monarch presented an imposing figure in his regal robes. At 5 feet 10 inches, he was taller than his Mexican contemporaries, and his erect, military bearing and aloof, aristocratic manner added to the aura of imperial splendor.
Iturbide devoted considerable effort to creating an elaborate court, attempting to match the magnificence and pomp of European royalty. He also endeavored to secure the traditional prerogatives of the Spanish crown, attempting to assert his right to appoint Church officials as well as civil administrators. Also, even prior to assuming the imperial title, he had initiated preparations for extending Mexican sovereignty southward, and in December 1821 he had dispatched an army to Central America in a futile attempt at annexation.
Iturbide proved to be a tactless ruler, and his regime was characterized by constant disputes with the legislature, which challenged his efforts to concentrate power in his own hands. After imprisoning several of the deputies, the Emperor dissolved Congress on October 31, 1822. Iturbide had already forfeited much of his initial popularity, and a rebellion soon broke out.
On March 19, 1823, Iturbide abdicated and shortly thereafter departed for Europe, where he became alarmed at reports of an impending Spanish expedition against Mexico. Convinced that only he could save his homeland, he offered to "place his sword" at the nation's disposal. Interpreting this as an attempt to regain power, the Mexican Congress declared him a traitor and sentenced him to death. Iturbide sailed for Mexico before learning of this decree and was arrested upon landing at Soto la Marina in the province of Tamaulipas.
On July 19, 1824, the Liberator of Mexico, thoroughly discredited by his actions while occupying the throne, was executed by a firing squad.
Achievements
Agustín de Iturbide is remembered as the Mexican caudillo who became the leader of the conservative factions in the Mexican independence movement and, as Agustín I, briefly emperor of Mexico.
Although Iturbide's reign was short, it defined the political struggles before and after independence.
Early in the independence period of Mexico's history, even the day used to mark Independence would be based on which side you were on. Traditionalists favored 27 September to celebrate when Iturbide entered Mexico City, but more liberal politicians favored 16 September to celebrate Hidalgo's call for rebellion against Spain.
President Alvaro Obregón, who staged elaborate centennial commemorations in 1921.
México owes its name to Iturbide, that of México, as opposed to "United Mexican States". While the latter is considered the official name, all the inhabitants of the country refer to it by the name of México. Another legacy that Iturbide left to Mexico was its modern flag, creating the flag known today. The three colors of red, white and green originally represented the three guarantees of the Plan of Iguala: Freedom, Religion and Union. In the place of the Spanish emblem for Mexico, he resurrected the old Tenochtitlan symbol for Mexico City, an eagle perched on a nopal cactus holding a snake in its beak. With it he hoped to link the upcoming Mexican Empire with the old Aztec one.
Iturbide is also mentioned in the Himno Nacional Mexicano, the national anthem for the country. The stanza translates as follows: "If to battle against the foreign host, the warrior trumpet invokes us, Mexicans, the Sacred flag of Iturbide bravely follow. Let the conquered banners serve as a carpet to the brave steeds, may the laurels of triumph bring shade to the brow of the brave Captain. "
(Manifiesto del General D. Agustin de Iturbide
por Agusti...)
Religion
He penned The Plan of Iguala, which held itself up on Three Guarantees: Freedom (from Spain), Religion (with Roman Catholicism being the only accepted religion in the new country) and Union (with all inhabitants of México to be regarded as equals).
Politics
Iturbide's strategy of defining a plan and using the military to back it up started a trend in Mexican politics that would dominate until the 20th century. He can also been seen as the first "caudillo" or charismatic military leader who used a combination of widespread popularity and threat of violence toward opposition to rule and would be followed by the likes of Antonio López de Santa Anna and Porfirio Díaz. Although it should be noted that bloody confrontations were not involved either in Iturbide's rise or fall from power.
Connections
In 1805, when he was twenty-two, Iturbide married Ana María Josefa Ramona de Huarte y Muñiz, member of the House of Tagle of the family of the Marquises of Altamira. She came from Valladolid, from a prosperous family of businessmen and landowners. She was the daughter of wealthy and powerful noble Isidro de Huarte, governor of the district, and the granddaughter of the Marquis of Altamira. With her dowry of 100, 000 pesos, the couple bought the Hacienda of Apeo in the small town of Maravatío.
Father:
Joaquín de Iturbide
He came from a family of the Basque gentry who were confirmed in nobility by King Juan II of Aragon.
Mother:
María Josefa de Arámburu y Carrillo de Figueroa
She was of pure Spanish blood born in Mexico, and therefore, a criolla. Some sources state she came from a high-ranking family in Michoacán.
Spouse:
Ana María Josefa Ramona de Huarte y Muñiz
(17 January 1786 – 21 March 1861)
Dughter:
Princess Dolores
Daughter:
Princess María
Daughter:
Prince Ángel
Daughter:
Juana María de Iturbide y Huarte
(10 March 1812 – 2 October 1828)
Daughter:
Doña Sabina de Iturbide y Huarte, Princess of Mexico
(30 December 1810 in Valladolid, Michoacán – 15 July 1871, Philadelphia)
Daughter:
Princess Josefa
Son:
Prince Salvador of Mexico, also named Salvador de Iturbide y Huarte
(17 July 1820 – June 7, 1856)
Son:
Don Agustín Jerónimo de Iturbide y Huarte, Prince Imperial of Mexico
His Imperial Majesty Don Agustín I, By Divine Providence and the National Congress, First Constitutional Emperor of Mexico, President of the Regency of Mexico, His Imperial Majesty the Emperor
Awards
Knight Grand Cross of the National Order of Our Lady of Guadalupe
