Background
Andrew Bell was born in St. Andrews on March 27, 1753.
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Andrew Bell was born in St. Andrews on March 27, 1753.
In 1769 he entered St. Andrews University, where he excelled in mathematics and natural philosophy. He graduated in 1774.
After serving from 1774 to 1781 as a private tutor in the Virginia Colony, he returned to Scotland, where he continued tutoring and was ordained a clergyman in the Anglican Church.
Bell sailed for India in 1787. He was appointed superintendent of the Madras Male Orphan Society, where he developed the Madras system, which became his lifework and made him a leading figure in English education.
At the Madras school little progress was being made because neither the teachers nor the pupils showed any interest in learning. One day Bell came upon a local school where the native children were learning the alphabet by writing with their fingers in the sand. Fascinated by both the method and the zest of the children, Bell tried to introduce sand boards into his school, but the teachers resisted. Never easily thwarted, Bell chose an advanced student to teach the others. This use of students to instruct other students was the heart of the Madras system.
In 1791 Bell returned to London and later published a pamphlet, An Experiment in Education (1797), discussing his methods and views of the Madras system. This plan received little public notice until Joseph Lancaster opened a school which was conducted in accordance with Bell's principles but improved upon the system. By the turn of the century the Madras system, also known as the Bell-Lancaster system, had become popularized, and Bell was asked to organize a school system in Dorset. In 1811 he became superintendent of the National Society for Promoting the Education of the Poor in the Principles of the Established Church.
The successful spread of the Madras system was due to a number of factors. It was inexpensive, was relatively efficient, and appeared at a time when interest in social reform, especially the education of poor children, was at a height in England.
Though most famous for the Madras system, Bell was also interested in the abolition of corporal punishment of children, more active learning situations in schools, and other practices far ahead of his time. On Jan. 27, 1832, after a lifetime of service to education, Bell died, and he was buried in Westminster Abbey.
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He was a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh and a Fellow of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
Bell was a fanatical enthusiast for his system and an intolerant man. He was difficult to deal with and hard to work under. Nevertheless, he always got on well with children.
He married Agnes, daughter of a Dr George Barclay in December 1801.
