Background
Austin Flint, II was born on March 28, 1836, in Northampton, Massachusetts, the son of Austin Flint, I and Anne B. Skillings.
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Austin Flint, II was born on March 28, 1836, in Northampton, Massachusetts, the son of Austin Flint, I and Anne B. Skillings.
Flint, II was an undergraduate at Harvard during 1852 - 1853 and left his class to take up engineering, but soon decided to go over to the ancestral profession of medicine and spent the years 1854 - 1856 in study at the University of Louisville, where his father was a member of the faculty.
Flint, II took his degree in medicine at Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, in 1857. At some time during this period he must have been at Buffalo, however, for in October 1855, before graduation, he published in the Buffalo Medical Journal an analysis of 106 cases of felon, nearly all from the practise of professor H. Hamilton of that city.
Another undergraduate activity consisted of experiments on the frog which he made at Jefferson Medical College and summed up in a graduation thesis entitled "Phenomena of Capillary Circulation. " By coating the frog with collodion he was able to show the effects of asphyxia on the circulation of the web of the foot. His thesis was published in the American Journal of the Medical Sciences in July 1857.
At some time during this period he must have been at Buffalo, however, for in October 1855, before graduation, he published in the Buffalo Medical Journal an analysis of 106 cases of felon, nearly all from the practice of Prof. F. H. Hamilton of that city.
Another undergraduate activity consisted of experiments on the frog which he made at Jefferson Medical College and summed up in a graduation thesis entitled "Phenomena of Capillary Circulation. " By coating the frog with collodion he was able to show the effects of asphyxia on the circulation of the web of the foot.
His thesis was published in the American Journal of the Medical Sciences in July 1857. Immediately upon graduation he was made professor of physiology in the Buffalo Medical College, of which his father had been one of the founders, and at the same time took over the editorship of the Buffalo Medical Journal.
At this time he had barely attained his majority. Removing with his father to New York, during 1859-60 he was professor of physiology in the New York Medical College, but in 1860-61 he joined his father at New Orleans where he filled the same chair in the local medical school. Here he made experiments on large alligators, studying the heart's action outside the body, respiration, the functions of the liver, the spinal-nerve roots, and so forth.
In 1861, again with his father, he was one of the founders of Bellevue Hospital Medical College and its first professor of physiology. This chair he held for thirty years. He seems to have served no period of pupilage in European laboratories, but instead, throughout the entire period of the Civil War he ranked as an assistant surgeon at the New York General Hospital.
In 1862 he published a paper on a previously unknown excretory function of the liver, in which he maintained that the cholesterin of the bile is transformed to a substance which he termed stercorin.
Six years later, when this paper chanced to obtain a French translation, he was awarded a prize of 1, 500 francs from the Institute of France. (Because of a controversy which arose he received only a tardy and imperfect acknowledgment of priority. ) During the period 1865-68 he held the chair of physiology in the Long Island College Hospital, while between 1867 and 1869 he spent much time in work on the subject of dietaries for the inmates of state institutions.
In 1870 he made a series of studies of muscular power, et cetera, of the pedestrian, Weston, and in the following year (1871) he published a monograph, On the Physiological Effects of Severe and Protracted Muscular Exercise. (More mature observations, "On the Source of Muscular Power, " appeared in the Journal of Anatomy and Physiology for October 1877. )
In 1867 Flint began to publish his great work entitled The Physiology of Man. It filled five volumes, the last of which appeared in 1873. The demand for it was so great that a second edition was issued immediately, bringing the subject up to the last-named date. In addition, the volume on the nervous system was separately published in 1872 (Physiology of the Nervous System) and the whole major work was condensed into one volume in A Textbook of Human Physiology (1876; 4th ed. 1888).
At the International Medical Congress in Philadelphia in 1876 he read a paper which summed up his practical knowledge of physiology. For many years he was an attending physician at Bellevue and wrote many clinical papers, most of them in special reference to perverted physiology.
In 1887 he read a paper on fever before the International Medical Congress.
His interest in insanity is said to have been a result of his studies in mental physiology; as early as 1878 he was made a member of the consulting board of the New York Lunatic Asylum.
In 1887 he attended the Bellevue lectures of the alienist, Dr. C. F. MacDonald, and not long afterward he extended his interest to criminology, penology, and forensic practice in general.
Eventually he became one of the most eminent of medical witnesses and figures in many famous cases.
His interest in physiology did not flag, however, and from 1898 to 1906 he was professor of that subject in the new medical department of Cornell University. Some of his papers were gathered into two volumes and published in 1903 under the title, Collected Essays and Articles on Physiology and Medicine.
Some of his work is uncredited; for example his early studies of natural-color photography.
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Austin Flint, II was a member of the following scientific organizations: The American Medical Association; the New York County Medical Association; the American Academy of Medicine (honorary); Association of Military Surgeons of the United States; American Association for the Advancement of Science; the Academy of Science, and the American Medico-Psychological Association, of which he became a member in 1899. He was also a member of the Century Association of New York.
Flint was married on December 23, 1862, to Elizabeth B. McMaster of Ballston, New York, who survived him; one of their sons (also named Austin) became a physician, the sixth in direct descent to enter the medical profession.