Cleveland Abbe, 1912
City College of New York, CUNY. Located in Harlem, Manhattan, NYC, USA.
City College of New York, CUNY. Located in Harlem, Manhattan, NYC, USA.
University of Michigan
Central Campus: Angell Hall, one of the major buildings of the College of Literature, Science, and the Arts
University of Michigan, 1855
Harvard University, a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts
Universitas Harvardiana
Richard Rummell's 1906 watercolor landscape view, facing northeast
Portrait of Abbe published in Popular Science Monthly
Cleveland Abbe in his office
National Geographic Society's Administration Building in Washington, D.C.
Symons Gold Medal by the Royal Meteorological Society of London
The Benjamin Franklin Medal, American Philosophical Society
City College of New York, CUNY. Located in Harlem, Manhattan, NYC, USA.
City College of New York, CUNY. Located in Harlem, Manhattan, NYC, USA.
University of Michigan
Central Campus: Angell Hall, one of the major buildings of the College of Literature, Science, and the Arts
University of Michigan, 1855
Harvard University, a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts
Universitas Harvardiana
Richard Rummell's 1906 watercolor landscape view, facing northeast
Pulkovo Observatory in 1855
Symons Gold Medal by the Royal Meteorological Society of London
The Benjamin Franklin Medal, American Philosophical Society
Portrait of Abbe published in Popular Science Monthly
Cleveland Abbe in his office
Cleveland Abbe, father of the National Weather Service.
National Geographic Society's Administration Building in Washington, D.C.
George Waldo Abbe, father of Professor Cleveland Abbe
Charlotte Colgate Abbe, mother of Profssor Cleveland Abbe
Walter Abbe, 1841–1924
William Colgate Abbe, 1843–1879
Charles Colgate Abbe, 1849–1917
Robert Abbe, 1851–1928
Harriet Colgate Abbe, 1855–1938
Truman Abbe, 1873–1955
Benjamin Apthorp Gould, American astronomer, September 27, 1824 – November 26, 1896
William Ferrel, January 29, 1817 – September 18, 1891, an American meteorologist
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(Cleveland Abbe (December 3, 1838 – October 28, 1916) was ...)
Cleveland Abbe (December 3, 1838 – October 28, 1916) was an American meteorologist and advocate of time zones. While director of the Cincinnati Observatory in Cincinnati, Ohio, he developed a system of telegraphic weather reports, daily weather maps, and weather forecasts. In 1870, Congress established the U.S. Weather Bureau and inaugurated the use of daily weather forecasts. In recognition of his work, Abbe, who was often referred to as "Old Probability" for the reliability of his forecasts, was appointed the first head of the new service, and is considered the father of the National Weather Service. Cleveland Abbe was born in New York City and grew up in the prosperous merchant family of George Waldo and Charlotte Colgate Abbe.
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(Cleveland Abbe (December 3, 1838 – October 28, 1916) was ...)
Cleveland Abbe (December 3, 1838 – October 28, 1916) was an American meteorologist and advocate of time zones. While director of the Cincinnati Observatory in Cincinnati, Ohio, he developed a system of telegraphic weather reports, daily weather maps, and weather forecasts.
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Abbe-Abbey genealogy, in memory of John Abbe and his descendants by Cleveland Abbe (2011-08-15)
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(Excerpt from Preparatory Studies for Deductive Methods in...)
Excerpt from Preparatory Studies for Deductive Methods in Storm and Weather Predictions The dynamic origin of the diurnal variations of the barometer as here given is one that I have constantly urged since I first, in 1856 read the famous memoir published by Ferrel in Runkle's Mathematical Monthly; but of the four sources of such variation as here explained only the second and third had at that time occurred to me, and I am still disposed to think that numerically they are the most important.
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Astronomer meteorologist physicist scientist
Cleveland Abbe was born on December 3, 1838, in New York City. He was the son of George Waldo Abbe and Charlotte Colgate, and descended from purely prosperous English families of merchants. His brother, Robert Abbe, later became the pioneer in plastic surgery and introduced radiation therapy to the United States.
Growing up in the city, Cleveland Abbe became enthralled with weather by reading articles by Merriam, Espy, and Joseph Henry (among others) in the daily newspapers. In the summer of 1857, he read William Ferrel’s classic article on the theories of storms and winds in the Mathematical Monthly, which guided him into the study of meteorology. That year, he graduated from the Free Academy (now the College of the City of New York) and proceeded to conduct graduate studies in astronomy under F. Brunow at Ann Arbor, Michigan, until 1860, and then under B.A. Gould at Cambridge, Massachusetts, until 1864.
Abbe spent the next two years studying and working as an assistant under astronomer Otto Struve at the Observatory of Pulkova in Russia.
After studying under Oliver Wolcott Gibbs at the City College of New York, Abbe worked with the German astronomer F. F. E. Briinnow, then at the University of Michigan (1859-1860), and later (1860-1864) with B. A. Gould, who was on detached duly with the Coast Survey, at Cambridge, Massachusetts. In Cambridge he came in contact with the group of astronomers and mathematicians in the Nautical Almanac office, notably William Ferrel. Desiring better preparation in astronomy, Abbe spent two years (1864-1866) at Pulkovo, Russia, working under Otto Struve.
Today we would characterize Abbe as a geophysicist, for he sought to apply the methods of astronomy to the development of a physics of the earth. Outlets for this ambition were scarce in nineteenth- century America, and after failing to establish in New York an observatory modeled on Pulkovo, Abbe served from 1868 to 1870 as director of the Cincinnati Observatory before joining the Weather Service of the Signal Corps, the predecessor of the present Weather Bureau, in 1871. Under his aegis the Corps established a laboratory and a “study room,” a center for basic research.
At his urging Cincinnati became the meteorological observation headquarters for the United States. His project was so successful that in 1870, the United States Congress established what is now known as the National Weather Service. He was chosen as the chief meteorologist of the new bureau. "Old Probabilities" as he was nicknamed, developed a system that led to higher efficiency in weather forecasting. Under his leadership international cooperation between nations was soon developed to help provide more accurate data in regards to the weather.
In 1875, he started the reform in standards of civil time reckoning by even hours of longitude from Greenwich. Conducted the Harrison expedition to observe the solar eclipse of August 1869 at Sioux Falls City, Dakota. The Signal Service expedition to observe the solar eclipse of July 1878 from Pike’s Peak.
Abbe served as meteorologist to the United States Scientific Expedition to the west coast of Africa, 1889-1890. He was an United States delegate to the International Meteorological Congress, Munich, 1891. During 1891-1894, he worked as an associate-editor of the American Meteorological Journal, and of the Beitrage zur Physik der freien Atmosphare, 1905. He was an adviser in Meteorology to the Carnegie Institution of Washington.
Abbe was also a founder of the Abbe Meteorological Library of the Johns Hopkins University.
Since 1871 Abbe served as a professor of Meteorology in the United States Weather Bureau, and he was an editor of Monthly Weather Review, 1893-1909. He lectured on meteorology at the Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland until 1916.
He died in 1916 at his home in Chevy Chase, Maryland.
Cleveland Abbe`s most remarkable achievement was in his effort that he put forward inaugurating a public weather service that became a model for the national weather service, which was organized shortly thereafter as a branch of the Signal Service. In 1871 he was appointed chief meteorologist of the branch, which was reorganized by 1891 under civilian control as the United States Weather Bureau, and served in that capacity for more than 45 years. "Old Probabilities" as he was nicknamed, developed a system that led to higher efficiency in weather forecasting. Under his leadership international cooperation between nations was soon developed to help provide more accurate data in regards to the weather.
His other chief achievements include being a founder and the initial editor of the Monthly Weather Review in 1872 and being one of the 33 founders of the National Geographic Society.
His most important papers included "Treatise on Meteorological Apparatus and Methods," published in 1887, and "Preparatory Studies for Deductive Methods in Storm and Weather Prediction," published in 1889. Other important titles included Solar Spots and Terrestrial Temperature; A Plea for Terrestrial Physics; Atmospheric Radiation; and Treatise on Meteorological Apparatus.
Abbe was duly recognized for his contributions to science. For example, he was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1879. In 1912 the Royal Meteorological Society presented him with their Symons Gold Medal, citing his contribution "to instrumental, statistical, dynamical, and thermo dynamical meteorology and forecasting." Perhaps the most distinguished honor was his receipt of the Marcellus Hartley medal for Eminence in the Application of Science to the Public Welfare on April 17, 1916, which also gave him the Marcellus Hartley Medal.
Also in his memory, the American Meteorological Society named the Cleveland Abbe Award for Distinguished Service to Atmospheric Sciences by an Individual after him.
(Excerpt from Preparatory Studies for Deductive Methods in...)
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Abbe’s Russian stay had two consequences regarding his views on science. First, Pulkovo provided a model of the symbiotic relationship between theory and practice, ironically like the one that had obtained in Cambridge with the Coast Survey. Second, through his translations and personal connections Abbe provided a point of contact between the American and Russian scientific communities.
Quotations:
"As a great man's influence never ends, so also there is not definite finality, no end, to a great survey; it runs along for centuries, ever responsive to the strain of the increasing needs of a growing population and an enlarging domain."
"It is inevitable that those to whom is vouchsafed a long life of usefulness should outlive the friends of their youth."
"My boyhood life in New York City has impressed me with the popular ignorance and also with the great need of something better than local lore and weather proverbs."
"True science is never speculative; it employs hypotheses as suggesting points for inquiry, but it never adopts the hypotheses as though they were demonstrated propositions.'
Cleveland Abbe was also one of the 33 founders of the National Geographic Society, which he also was a member of as well.
Cleveland Abbe was married twice. His first wife`s name was Margaret Augusta Percival, whom he married in 1909. His second wife was Frances Martha Neal.
1811–1879
1817–1885
1841–1924
1843–1879
1849–1917
1851–1928
1853–1925
1855–1938
1865–1936
1844–1908
1872–1934
1873–1955
1877–1928
Benjamin Apthorp Gould (September 27, 1824 – November 26, 1896) was a pioneering American astronomer. He is noted for creating the Astronomical Journal, discovering the Gould Belt, and for founding of the Argentine National Observatory and the Argentine National Weather Service.
William Ferrel (January 29, 1817 – September 18, 1891), an American meteorologist, developed theories which explained the mid-latitude atmospheric circulation cell in detail, and it is after him that the Ferrel cell is named.
