Fertilizer Problems and Analysis of Soils in California (Classic Reprint)
(Excerpt from Fertilizer Problems and Analysis of Soils in...)
Excerpt from Fertilizer Problems and Analysis of Soils in California
The roots of plants do not take up the soil solution Simply as it exists in the soil. Mineral elements may be removed at a faster or slower rate than the water in which these elements are dissolved. The plant Should not be likened to a lamp wick sucking up the soil solution. Roots perform their functions normally only as a result of the activities of healthy liv ing cells, which require a suitable supply of oxygen.
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Table of PH, H and OH values corresponding to electromotive forces determined in hydrogen electrode
(This is a pre-1923 historical reproduction that was curat...)
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The Water-Culture Method for Growing Plants Without Soil (Classic Reprint)
(Excerpt from The Water-Culture Method for Growing Plants ...)
Excerpt from The Water-Culture Method for Growing Plants Without Soil
Directions for growing plants by the water-culture method Tanks and other containers for nutrient solutions Nature of bed.
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A Study Of The Endogenous Metabolism Of The Pig, With Consideration Of Several Modifying Factors
(This book was originally published prior to 1923, and rep...)
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Lectures on the Inorganic Nutrition of Plants: Prather Lectures at Harvard University (Classic Reprint)
(Excerpt from Lectures on the Inorganic Nutrition of Plant...)
Excerpt from Lectures on the Inorganic Nutrition of Plants: Prather Lectures at Harvard University
Obviously, this small volume cannot have any of the char acteristics of a monograph or of a text. Its purpose is to present a general perspective of several important aspects of the field of plant nutrition, with a broad interpretation of this term in mind. It is hoped that some of the problems of the soil-plant system awaiting further exploration may be brought into focus.
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Dennis Robert Hoagland was an American scientist, plant physiologist and soil chemist. His major work was in the field of plant nutrition.
Background
Dennis Robert Hoagland was born on April 2, 1884 in Golden, Colorado, United States. He was the son of Charles Breckenridge Hoagland and Lillian May (Burch) Hoagland. Golden, where he spent the first eight years of his life, was, in his own words, "a small town, with all the narrowness of small-town life. Something of the frontier spirit remained, however. .. The foothills and mountains were near and familiar. My home was one of moderate comfort according to the standards of the time and place. " All of his later childhood was passed in the city of Denver.
Education
In Denver Hoagland received his primary and secondary education, graduating from East Denver High School in 1903. He then entered Stanford University, where he specialized in chemistry. In 1907 he was elected to Phi Beta Kappa and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree. After one semester of graduate study in chemistry at Stanford, Hoagland accepted employment as a chemist in the Laboratory of Animal Nutrition at the University of California at Berkeley and later with the Department of Agriculture in Philadelphia. In 1912 Hoagland became the first graduate student of E. V. McCollum at the University of Wisconsin, whose research in animal nutrition was later to become world-famous. Hoagland's work under McCollum resulted in several publications and a thesis for which he received an Master of Arts degree in 1913. In later years, Hoagland looked back on his year with McCollum as his inspiration for a career devoted to scientific research.
Career
McCollum regarded Hoagland highly, and one would have expected Hoagland to continue in the field of animal nutrition, which was then on the eve of revolutionary advances. In 1913, however, Hoagland accepted an appointment as assistant professor of agricultural chemistry at the University of California at Berkeley and began a lifelong concentration on the field of plant and soil interrelations, in which he made notable advances and earned international renown. Hoagland's orderly and critical mind recognized early that the complex problems of soil and plant interrelations must be studied by techniques that permitted rigid experimental control and the isolation of individual variables. To this end, he perfected the water-culture technique for growing plants without soil. Hoagland's nutrient solution is used to this day in laboratories of plant physiology throughout the world. In the late 1930s Hoagland's expert knowledge in this area did much to restore balance and rationality to debates, fueled by public enthusiasm, about the commercial possibilities of growing crops by soilless, or "hydroponic, " methods.
One of Hoagland's main areas of research was the process of absorption and accumulation of ions by plants. His early work with the freshwater alga Nitella demonstrated that ion absorption is a metabolic process in which ions are accumulated within the plant at concentrations many times greater than those in the external medium. Next, he turned to the system that was uppermost in his mind--the absorption of nutrients by the roots of higher plants. The broad outlines of a theory were already available from his earlier work. He decided that the fundamental questions of ion absorption by roots could be studied most effectively when the roots were severed, during a brief experimental period, from their shoots. Over the years he amassed an impressive array of data on the influence of oxygen, temperature, light, and other factors on ion absorption.
In the late 1930s, when radioactive isotopes from the Berkeley cyclotron became available, he recognized at once their serviceability and used them in resolving some of the hitherto perplexing problems of ion absorption by higher plants. A solid scientific foundation was thus laid for the understanding of the factors that govern the activity of roots in soils and for interpreting and predicting a multiplicity of plant responses to fertilization and other chemical changes in the soil. Throughout his life as a productive scientist, Hoagland sought principles in the laboratory to help in solving the practical problems of the farmer in the field but was aware that facile generalizations from laboratory observations can seldom solve field problems with dazzling simplicity. When necessary, he worked directly with soils and crops in the field. His fieldwork on problems of soil chemistry was especially concerned with zinc, potassium, and phosphate deficiencies of fruit trees in California. In collaboration with W. H. Chandler, he identified the important "little-leaf" disease of fruit trees as a zinc deficiency and reproduced it under controlled conditions. It was also under Hoagland's influence that intensive studies into other aspects of micronutrients (trace elements) were successfully pursued by his associates and students.
His counsel was sought and valued within his own university, where he held the position of professor of plant nutrition from 1926 and was chairman of the Division of Plant Nutrition from 1922 to 1949. In 1942, Harvard University invited him to give the Prather Lectures, which were later published in book form as Lectures on the Inorganic Nutrition of Plants (1944).
The last four years of his life were marred by partial disability that resulted from a stroke. He fulfilled his responsibilities with determination and courage up to within the last few months of his life, when his eyesight failed him almost completely. He died in Berkeley.
Achievements
Hoagland went down in history as a prominent American plant physiologist and authority on plant and soil interactions. His scientific influence went beyond his own accomplishments. He made a deep impression on the minds and hearts of his friends and students who were inspired to continue his work.
The American Society of Plant Physiologists bestowed upon him in 1929 its highest honor, the first Stephen Hales Award.
(This is a pre-1923 historical reproduction that was curat...)
Membership
In 1934 Hoagland was elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences. In 1932 the American Society of Plant Physiologists elected him president.
Personality
Hoagland was a tall man of dignified appearance, somewhat reserved in manner but of kindly disposition, always ready to lend friendly advice and help. Hoagland's chief personal characteristic was his integrity and objectivity of outlook.
He was the uncommon scientist who carried the scientific mode of thinking outside his own specialty and even to contemporary social and political questions, in which he always maintained a keen interest. Hoagland's qualities of mind and character and his scientific achievements gained him wide recognition and many honors.
Connections
On May 1, 1920, Hoagland married Jessie A. Smiley, who died of pneumonia in 1933, leaving him the responsibility of bringing up three sons, Robert Charles, Albert Smiley, and Charles Rightmire. He never remarried.
