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Elhanan Winchester, III was born on September 30, 1751 in Brookline, Massachusetts, the son of Elhanan Winchester, II and Sarah Belcher, and a descendant of John Winchester, who emigrated to Massachusetts in 1635, settling in Hingham, but later moving to Muddy River (Brookline), where he died in 1694.
The elder Elhanan was a farmer and mechanic, and the boy's schooling was limited. He had an unusual mind, however. One Sunday his father asked him to note from what passage in the Bible the minister took his text. After the service Elhanan not only gave the desired information, but repeated large portions of the sermon and told how many persons were present and the number of beams, posts, braces, rafters, and panes of glass in the meeting house. Endowed with the type of mind that made this feat possible, he found learning easy, and to the knowledge of English subjects he added, as time went on, a working acquaintance with Hebrew, Greek, and French.
In 1769 he was converted and joined a local church; soon he began to preach. A little later he went to Canterbury, Connecticut, was immersed, and associated himself with an open-communion Baptist church. He had characteristics as a speaker which, from the beginning to the end of his ministry, drew large audiences, and about 1771 his preaching in Rehoboth, Massachusetts, started a revival that resulted in the establishment of a Baptist church, of which he was ordained pastor. Within a year, however, he had become a close-communion Baptist and a strict Calvinist, a change in attitude that caused dissension in the church and his withdrawal from it.
In 1774, having in the meantime preached in several Massachusetts towns, he went to South Carolina and took charge of a Baptist church at Welch Neck, on the Great Peedee River, where he remained until 1780, when he became pastor of the Baptist church of Philadelphia. His ministry in Philadelphia lasted seven years; the largest church building in the city was crowded by those who came to hear him preach; and he won the regard and friendship of such notable men as Benjamin Rush and John Redman. Meanwhile, his reading and study had led him to accept the doctrine of universal restoration, which fact disrupted his church. Though the majority of the members sided with him, both pastor and adherents were driven out by the orthodox remnant. Thereafter, Winchester, III held services in the hall of the University of Pennsylvania.
Feeling called to proclaim the gospel in England he left Philadelphia in 1787 for London. Here, too, his preaching attracted many, and he gathered a congregation to which he ministered in the chapel in Parliament Court. Among those to whom he became warmly attached were Thomas Belsham, Joseph Priestley, and John Wesley. During this period, also, he published a number of works setting forth his theological views, which were widely read both in England and America. Among them were The Universal Restoration: Exhibited in a Series of Dialogues Between a Minister and His Friend (1788); The Restitution of All Things . Being an Attempt to Answer the Rev. Dan Taylor's Assertion and Re-Assertions in Favour of Endless Misery (1790); The Three Woe Trumpets (1793), the substance of two discourses delivered in Parliament, Feb. 3 and 24, 1783; The Face of Moses Unveiled by the Gospel, or, Evangelical Truths, Discovered in the Law (1787); A Course of Lectures on the Prophecies That Remain to be Fulfilled (3 vols. , 1789 - 90); The Process and Empire of Christ, from His Birth to the End of the Mediatorial Kingdom; a Poem in Twelve Books (1793). For two years, also, he conducted in London a periodical called The Philadelphian Magazine.
In May 1794, when at the height of his influence, Winchester, III suddenly left England for America. He had preached in various places and added to his numerous publications Ten Letters Addressed to Mr. Paine; Being an Answer to His First Part of the Age of Reason (1795) and A Plain Political Catechism (1796), the latter, an exposition of the evil effects of infidelity and the French influence, written, it is said, at the suggestion of Timothy Pickering. Elhanan Winchester, III died on April 18, 1797, of tuberculosis at Hartford, Connecticut, at the age of forty-five.
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Elhanan Winchester, III was raised in a Congrationalist setting, but after a conversion experience he joined a Free Will (General) Baptist church.
On January 18, 1770, Elhanan Winchester, III married Alice Rogers, who died in April 1776. That same year he married Sarah Peck of Rehoboth, who lived only a few months thereafter. His third wife, Sarah Luke, of South Carolina, whom he married in 1778, died in 1779. Two years later he married Mary Morgan of Philadelphia, a widow, whose career was cut short a year and nine months later. Seven children were stillborn and one other lived but seventeen months. After the death of his fourth wife, he married another widow, Maria Knowles.
In 1750, Elhanan Winchester, II married Sarah Belcher, by whom he had six sons. On March 9, 1761, he married Lydia Jewett, they had ten children.
Joseph Priestley was an 18th-century English Separatist theologian, natural philosopher, chemist, innovative grammarian, multi-subject educator and liberal political theorist.
Thomas Belsham was an English Unitarian minister.
Benjamin Rush was a Founding Father of the United States.
John Wesley was an English cleric and theologian.
