Frederic Baraga was a Slovenian Roman Catholic missionary to the United States and a grammarian of Native American languages.
Background
He was born on June 29, 1797 in the castle of Mala Vas, Duchy of Carniola, Habsburg Monarchy, (today Slovenia). The assertion that he was of noble birth and renounced a vast heritage to devote himself to the life of a missionary is incorrect, for while his parents, Johann Nepomuc Baraga and Maria Katharin Josefa née Jencic, were Slovenians of good family, they were not connected with the aristocracy.
Education
When Frederic was nine years old he was sent to be educated by a private tutor at Laibach. There he entered the gymnasium in 1809, and afterward took a law course in the University of Vienna. Upon receiving his degree in 1821, he determined to enter the church. Returning to Laibach, he studied at the seminary there, and was ordained priest September 21, 1823.
Career
For seven years he served parishes in his native country, but in 1830, after the founding at Vienna of the Leopoldine Society for foreign missions, he offered himself for service in the United States. In his letter he referred to himself as speaking German, Illyrian, French, Latin, Italian, and English. His services were accepted, and on reaching Cincinnati, early in 1831, he began to add the Ottawa language to his other linguistic accomplishments. In May of the same year, he was sent as missionary to the Ottawa village of Arbre Croche, now Harbor Springs. Father Baraga was very enthusiastic about this his first Indian mission, where he was cordially received, and where he baptized and taught many neophytes.
In the course of his journeys to various villages of the tribe, he visited the islands in Lake Michigan, and Grand River, where, at the site of the modern Grand Rapids, he began a mission in 1833. At this place, however, he incurred the enmity of the traders for his scathing denunciation of the liquor traffic they carried on with the tribesmen, and in 1835 he was transferred from the Ottawa missions to the far shores of Lake Superior. On July 27, 1835, he arrived at La Pointe, the American Fur Company's station, on Madeline Island, opposite Bayfield, Wis. Here was a village of Chippewa Indians, mingled with many retired French-Canadian voyageurs and half-breeds. The church on the island long shown to tourists as Father Marquette's, was in fact built by Baraga about 1837, after a visit the preceding year to Europe to obtain funds. His youngest sister, Antonia de Hoeffern, came with him on his return to La Pointe, where her gracious presence was remembered long after the severities of the climate had induced her to return home.
During the long winters of this northern clime, Father Baraga applied himself to the study of the Chippewa language, the universal dialect of all the Northwest. He prepared several religious books in this dialect, some of which were published in Paris, others in Detroit and Cincinnati. But his most useful works, still depended upon by all Chippewa scholars, are his Theoretical and Practical Grammar of the Otchipwe Language (Detroit, 1850), and his Dictionary of the Otchipwe Language (Cincinnati, 1853). His devotional works are still used in the Catholic missions. In the course of his ministrations to the members of his scattered flock Father Baraga made long journeys by canoe in summer and snowshoe in winter, encountering many difficulties and enduring many hardships. In this way he visited Grand Portage, Fond du Lac (near Superior, Wis. ), and L'Anse at the foot of Keweenaw Bay. At this last place, now the seat of Baraga County, Mich. , he began a mission in 1843 to which he soon removed his residence. There he built log houses for his Indian converts, and taught them to live in civilized fashion. While at L'Anse he also ministered to the miners, who about this time were flocking to the newly discovered copper mines in the Northern Peninsula, and by his courtesy and kindliness made friends with both Catholics and Protestants.
Heedless of personal comfort, he went wherever need called along the bleak shores of Lake Superior, comforting and admonishing tribesmen, traders, and travelers, counting not his life dear unto himself if by these means he might save others. News of his missions spread, and on November 1, 1853, he was consecrated at Cincinnati bishop of Upper Michigan. The seat of the new bishopric was at Sault Ste. Marie, and from there Bishop Baraga continued his ministrations, often visiting his former missions of Lake Superior. In 1865 a new bishopric was created called the see of Marquette, and to this embryo town of northern Michigan, Baraga removed his residence. Here he built a cathedral, which two and a half years later became his final resting place.
Personality
"I have had the pleasure, " wrote a traveler of the fifties, "once in my life, of conversing with an absolute gentleman . .. kind, serene, urbane, and utterly sincere. This perfect gentleman was a Roman Catholic bishop who had spent thirty years of his life in the woods near Lake Superior. "