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(The Civil War was the deadliest conflict in American hist...)
The Civil War was the deadliest conflict in American history, and had the two sides realized it would take 4 years and inflict over a million casualties, it might not have been fought. Since it did, however, historians and history buffs alike have been studying and analyzing the biggest battles ever since. Americans have long been fascinated by the Civil War, marveling at the size of the battles, the leadership of the generals, and the courage of the soldiers. Since the war's start over 150 years ago, the battles have been subjected to endless debate among historians and the generals themselves. The secession of the South was one of the seminal events in American history, but it also remains one of the most controversial. The election of Abraham Lincoln was the impetus for secession, but that was merely one of many events that led up to the formation of the Confederacy and the start of the Civil War. In less than two months, most of the Confederate states had seceded and formed their own Confederacy, and the battle lines had been drawn. The Confederacy's hope of being let go in peace ended at 4:30 a.m. on the morning of April 12, 1861, when Confederate Brigadier-General P.G.T. Beauregard ordered the first shots to be fired at the federal garrison defending Fort Sumter in the Charleston Harbor, effectively igniting the Civil War. Today First Bull Run is remembered as the first important land battle of the Civil War, but with over 350 killed on each side, it was the deadliest battle in American history to date, and both the Confederacy and the Union were quickly served notice that the war would be much more costly than either side had believed. The American Nation: Causes of the Civil War 1859-1861 is an expansive history of the events leading to the Civil War.
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The most dramatic and most momentous episode in the history of the United States is undoubtedly the Civil War, into which the country slowly drifted for nearly ten years, but which burst out with amazing suddenness and unexpectedness. In the first four chapters the author intentionally restates this discussion in the light of the intense sectional rivalry and mutual dislike revealed over the election of Abraham Lincoln to the presidency; and he shows the economic importance of slave-grown products and the significance of the political theory of state rights at the time of the outbreak. The narrative begins in 1859, with the John Brown raid. In the next chapter the political events of 1859 and 1860 are described. Chapters VII and VIII are on the election of 1860. The process of secession and the attitude of Buchanan occupy chapters IX and X. Chapter XI deals with the first and utterly unsuccessful attempt at compromise. In chapters XII to XV there is a thorough discussion of the status of the Federal forts in the South, and of the attitude of Buchanan's administration, culminating in the episode of the Star of the West. Chapter XVI is upon the second attempt at compromise, in February, 1861. With chapter XVII begins Lincoln's administration and the development of its policy. Chapter XIX in detail expounds the final outbreak in the fall of Fort Sumter... Contents: Drift Towards Southern Nationalization (1850-1860). The Slave-Holding South (1850-1860). Dominance of Calhoun's Political Conceptions (1850-1860). Expectations of the South (1850-1860). The John Brown Raid (1858-1859). Rising Spirit of Antagonism in Congress (1859-1860). Preliminaries of the Presidential Election (1860). The Tide of Separation (September-November 1860). Secession Accomplished (October 1860-February 1861). Buchanan's Attitude towards Secession (November-December 1860). Schemes of Compromise (December 1860-January 1861). Status of the Forts (October 29, 1860-December 20, 1860). The Fort Sumter Crisis (December 2, 1860-January 8, 1861). Episode of the Star of the West (January 1861). Fort Pickens and the Confederacy (January 1861-February 1861). Border States and Second Effort at Compromise (January 1861-February 1861). Lincoln's Attitude (December 1860-February 1861). The Last Negotiation (March 4, 1861-April 12, 1861). The Fall of Fort Sumter (April 1861).
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French Ensor Chadwick was born on February 29, 1844 in Morgantown, West Virginia, United States. He was the son of Daniel Clark and Margaret Eliza (Evans) Chadwick. His maternal grandfather was Col. John Evans, a Revolutionary soldier. As a boy he read the naval classic, History of the Navy of the United States of America (1839) by J. Fenimore Cooper, and was fascinated by it.
He received his early schooling at the Monongalia Academy, in his native town. Entering the Naval Academy (at Newport during the Civil War) on September 28, 1861, he was graduated three years later, the fifth in a class of thirty-one members.
In the summer of 1864, before his graduation, he served on the sloop of war Marblehead, during her pursuit of the Confederate steamers Florida and Tallahassee. Passing rapidly through the grades of ensign, master, and lieutenant, he was in 1869 promoted lieutenant commander. After serving as a junior officer on board the ships Juniata, Sabine, and Tuscarora he was in 1870-72 attached to the steamer Guerriere, of the European squadron. Three years of teaching at the Naval Academy as assistant professor of mathematics were followed by a tour of sea duty, 1875-78, as the executive officer of the steamer Powhatan. During the two decades that preceded the Spanish-American War, Chadwick developed a great facility in investigating foreign navies and in procuring information useful in the work of constructing the new American navy. In 1879 he made an investigation in Europe, the results of which he embodied in a report on foreign systems for training seamen for the navy , still a standard work on the subject. The next two years, 1880-82, were spent in "special light-house duties, " including the preparation of a valuable paper entitled "Aids to Navigation, " which gave a brief history of lighthouses. In 1882 he was sent to London, where he remained almost continuously until 1889 with the American legation as naval attache (the first American thus designated) and as the representative of the newly-organized Office of Naval Intelligence. By reason of his expert knowledge, tact, and adroitness he served his superiors so well that they were loth to displace him. Secretary of the Navy Tracy in his annual report for 1889 singled out Chadwick for especial commendation and said that his extraordinary ability and judgment had had a lasting influence upon naval development in the United States. Having been promoted commander in 1884, Chadwick, on being detached from the legation, was placed in command of the cruiser Yorktown, of the European station. In 1892 his services as naval attache received recognition by his appointment as chief of the Naval Intelligence Office and a year later he was advanced to the headship of the Bureau of Equipment where he remained for the full term of four years. A few days after his promotion to a captaincy, November 7, 1897, he was made commander of the armored cruiser New York, the flagship of the North Atlantic squadron. When the battleship Maine was sunk in Havana harbor, February 15, 1898, he was off the Florida coast with the squadron. His nearness to the scene of the disaster led to his selection as a member of the court of inquiry on the destruction of the Maine, of which Capt. W. T. Sampson was the senior member. When late in March Sampson became commander-in-chief of the squadron, Chadwick was appointed his chief of staff, retaining the command of the flagship. In this capacity he served during the eventful summer of 1898 and during the culminating action of the Spanish-American War, the battle of Santiago, July 3. When the Spanish vessels began to emerge from the harbor, the New York was several miles away, carrying the commander-in-chief to a conference with Gen. W. R. Shafter. She turned about and reached the scene of battle in time to join in the chase and to enable Sampson to give the final orders to his ships. In recognition of his services on this day Chadwick was advanced five numbers for "eminent and conspicuous conduct in battle. " Chadwick reached the climax of his naval career as president of the Naval War College, 1900-03, and as commander-in-chief of the South Atlantic squadron in 1905. On February 28, 1906, he was retired as rear admiral, a rank to which he had been promoted on October 11, 1903. Admiral Chadwick belonged to a small group of learned or scientific naval officers, of which Mahan and Sampson were conspicuous members. As an author he attained considerable note, based upon the numerous articles and books which he wrote between 1892 when his first work, Temperament, Disease and Health, made its appearance, and 1916 when his last, The Graves Papers and Other Documents Relating to the Naval Operations of the Yorktown Campaign, was issued. His scholarly interest lay chiefly in the field of military and diplomatic history, in which he read widely. His most significant contributions are found in four volumes: Causes of the Civil War (American Nation Series, vol. XIX, 1906), Relations of the United States and Spain: Diplomacy (1909), and Relations of the United States and Spain: the Spanish-American War (2 vols. , 1911). Believing that the past may serve as a guide for the present, he was inclined to draw definite conclusions, to criticize sharply historical characters, and to dwell upon the lessons of sea power. His style was clear, dignified, and vigorous. On Chadwick's retirement to Newport in 1906 he actively interested himself in all that pertained to that city and its development, serving on its park commission and also on its representative council. He was largely instrumental in providing the city with a new charter.
(The most dramatic and most momentous episode in the histo...)
(The Civil War was the deadliest conflict in American hist...)
(Unlike some other reproductions of classic texts (1) We h...)
(This book was originally published prior to 1923, and rep...)
(This book was digitized and reprinted from the collection...)
(This is a pre-1923 historical reproduction that was curat...)
(This is a pre-1923 historical reproduction that was curat...)
He was somewhat above the average in height and weight, with a commanding presence. Direct and forceful in speech, he was a close observer of even the smallest details.
His wife Cornelia J. (Miller) Chadwick, formerly of Utica, whom he married on November 20, 1878, shared the intellectual interests of her husband.
