( Examining two centuries of Balkan politics, from the em...)
Examining two centuries of Balkan politics, from the emergence of nationalism to the retreat of Communist power in 1989, this is the first book to systematically argue that many of the region's problems are external in origin. A decade of instability in the Balkan states of southeast Europe has given the region one of the worst images in world politics. The Balkans has become synonymous with chaos and extremism. Balkanization, meaning conflict arising from the fragmentation of political power, is a condition feared across the globe. This new text assesses the key issues of Balkan politics, showing how the development of exclusive nationalism has prevented the regions human and material resources from being harnessed in a constructive way. It argues that the proximity of the Balkans to the great powers is the main reason for instability and decline. Britain, Russia, Austria-Hungary, France and finally the USA had conflicting ambitions and interests in the region. Russia had imperial designs before and after the 1917 Revolution. The Western powers sometimes tolerated these or encouraged undemocratic local forces to exercise control in order to block further Soviet expansion. Leading authority Tom Gallagher examines the origins of these Western prejudices towards the Balkans, tracing the damaging effects of policies based on Western lethargy and cynicism, and reassesses the negative image of the region, its citizens, their leadership skills and their potential to overcome crucial problems.
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(First published in 1991. Routledge is an imprint of Taylo...)
First published in 1991. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.
http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B000OT7ZKA/?tag=2022091-20
educator psychologist Therapist
George Alexander Kelly was born Sumner County, Kansas on April 28, 1905.
Kelly's father trained for the Presbyterian ministry but gave that up and moved to the farm soon after wedding Kelly's mother. Because no water could be located beneath the land, the family moved back to the Kansas farm.
Kelly's early schooling was, by his own words, "rather irregular. "
He attended various grade schools and was also schooled at home, an obligation his parents took seriously as they were themselves relatively well educated.
When he was 16 he transferred to Friends University academy in Wichita, Kansas.
There he took a mix of college and academy courses.
He then transferred to Park College, Missouri, where he graduated in 1926 with a bachelor's degree in mathematics and physics.
He then went to the University of Edinburgh, Scotland as an exchange student, where he received his Bachelor's in Education in 1930.
He then enrolled in the University of Iowa and received his Ph. D. in psychology in 1931.
George Alexander Kelly was the originator of personal construct theory of personality, was born on farm near Perth Kansas.
In the fall of 1927, with his master's thesis (a study of how Kansas City workers distributed their leisure time activities) incomplete, he moved to Minneapolis.
He had sent out many applications for teaching jobs with no success.
There he taught three nights a week, one night each for three different schools.
He enrolled in the University of Minnesota in biometrics and sociology but was forced to leave after a few weeks, when the school found out he had to been able to pay his fees.
He finished his master's thesis in 1927.
In the winter of 1927 Kelly got a job at Sheldon Junior College in Sheldon, Iowa, teaching psychology and speech, and coaching drama.
He spent one and a half years there.
In 1931, Kelly accepted a faculty position at Fort Hays Kansas State College (now called Fort Hays State University) where he was to remain for 12 years.
He had wanted to pursue work in physiological psychology but found little opportunity to do so.
So he turned his attention to an area he felt needed some work—providing clinical psychological services to adults and school-aged children on the university's campus.
Kelly and his crew of four to five undergraduate and graduate students found people who had serious problems in their daily living.
In these constructions one can see the seeds of Kelly's constructive alternativism.
In his view, different people have alternative ways of looking at the world, and each view can capture some element of truth.
None are right or wrong, all views are constructed by the individuals and reflect reality for them.
After the war ended Kelly taught at the University of Maryland for a year before being appointed a professorship at Ohio State University in 1945.
Kelly's personal construct theory of personality is perhaps his most significant contribution to psychology.
It is a broad theory based on the idea that people are like scientists who go around testing personal theories, or personal constructs, about the world and how it works, and about themselves.
Behavior is seen as an experiment.
Individuals use these constructs in an attempt to anticipate events and exert control over their lives.
He believed that people tend to have certain main personal constructs about large areas of life that guide their behavior.
In addition, Kelly experimented with fixed-role therapy, in which a client would "try on" various roles. Personal construct theory was internationally recognized as a unique theoretical contribution to psychology.
Indeed, his work has enjoyed more popularity in Britain than anywhere else.
Hundreds of scholarly papers have been published that have personal constructs as their theme.
Since his death in 1967, interest in Kelly's work has grown, and its influence has become even stronger.
The International Journal of Personal Construct Psychology was founded in 1988, changing its title and focus in 1994 to the Journal of Constructivist Psychology.
( Examining two centuries of Balkan politics, from the em...)
(First published in 1991. Routledge is an imprint of Taylo...)
He married Gladys Thompson just two days after attaining his Ph. D.
