Giuseppe Mazzini
Via Balbi, 5, 16126 Genova GE, Italy
University of Genoa
Italy
The flag of the Carbonari
Via Balbi, 5, 16126 Genova GE, Italy
University of Genoa
New York City, New York, United States
Giuseppe Mazzini (sculpture)
Genoa, Liguria, Italy
Mausoleum of Mazzini in the Staglieno cemetery of Genoa
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Giuseppe Mazzini was born on June 22, 1805, in Genoa, then part of the Ligurian Republic, under the rule of the French Empire (now Liguria, Italy), to Giacomo Mazzini and Maria Drago. His father was a university professor who strictly followed the Jacobin ideology. On the other hand, his mother was known over for her good looks and religious fervour.
Since the young age, Mazzini had developed an interest in politics and literature. Educationally, he had excellent learning ability which explains his premature entry at the University at the age of 14. He graduated in law the year 1826.
He started off his career as a "poor man’s lawyer". While law seemed to be his profession, Mazzini had developed an inherent interest in writing and drama so much so that he aimed to be a historical novelist and dramatist as well.
Bringing to life his long-awaited desire, Mazzini wrote his first essay titled, Dell'amor patrio di Dante (On Dante's Patriotic Love). The same was published only in the year 1837.
The following year, Mazzini moved to Tuscany, where he became a member of the Carbonari, a secret association with political purposes. However, he was arrested for his involvement and interned at Savona. It was during his days as a prisoner that Mazzini developed the outlines of a new patriotic movement, with an aim to replace the Carbonari.
Mazzini collaborated with a Genoese newspaper, L'indicatore Genovese for two years from 1828 to 1829. However, the same experienced a forced shut down by the Piedmontese authorities. Later on, he became one of the leading authors of L'Indicatore Livornese, published at Livorno by F.D. Guerrazzi, which was closed out too.
Mazzini was freed from the imprisonment in the year 1831 with a condition that he had to confine his life within a small hamlet. Not accepting the condition, Mazzini instead chose a life of exile and moved to Geneva, Switzerland.
Then he moved to Marseille, where he lived at the apartment of Giuditta Bellerio Sidoli, a beautiful Modenese widow. The popularity of Mazzini grew steadily among other Italian exiles therein.
With the help of Sidoli, he founded a society called, La giovine Italia or Young Italy. The organization was aimed at promoting Italian unification. Mazzini was of the belief that such an organization would help create a unified Italy by turning into a European-wide revolutionary movement. Young Italy’s motto was "God and the People" and its basic principle was confederation of several states and kingdoms into a single republic. He strongly believed that it was the sole and true foundation for Italian liberty, freedom and independence.
The motto and principle of Young Italy met with a positive response in cities like Tuscany, Abruzzi, Sicily, Piedmont and Liguria as more and more military officers became aligned with the organization. By 1833, the number peaked at 60, 000 followers with several branches.
Having gained sufficient support, Mazzini’s first attempt for revolution was ready to be launched spreading to the cities of Chambéry (then part of the Kingdom of Sardinia), Alessandria, Turin and Genoa. However, Savoy government discovered the plot before it could come into action and arrested several revolutionaries. The activists were treated in an extremely hard fashion.
Despite the failure, Mazzini organized yet another uprising the following year, according to which a group of Italian exiles were to enter Piedmont from Switzerland and spread the revolution there. However, the troops recruited at the Piedmont easily crumbled the second attempt as well.
Not the one to be silenced and put back even after the defeat, Mazzini, along with a few refugees from Italy, Poland and Germany founded a new association with a better name, Young Europe. He was of the belief that as French Revolution of 1789 had brought in the concept of individual liberty, Young Europe would emphasis and work for national liberty. He wanted to overturn the European settlement of 1815 which blocked the emergence of smaller nations. Mazzini longed for a united continent, attaining which meant creation of individual nations first. Though he had the right vision and aim, it was money and support that his organization was lacking in.
His revolutionary ways did not get on well with the authorities who arrested Mazzini on May 28, 1834 and exiled him from Switzerland. He moved to Paris but was imprisoned again.
Mazzini was released only on the condition that he would move to England. Thus, in 1837, along with a few Italian friends, Mazzini started living in London in dismal economic conditions.
Mazzini’s initial years at London were spent reviving the Giovine Italia and issuing the Apostolato popolare Apostleship of the People. He was highly discouraged by the defeats he had met with earlier and succumbed to them.
It was with the help of his mother that Mazzini founded several organizations on the lines of Young Europe, such as Young Germany, Young Poland, Young Switzerland and so on. He was even involved with the initialization of an Italian school for the poor people.
The new found hope ignited in Mazzini the dream for a unified continent and independent nations. For the same, he wrote letters and started reconciling with his friends in Europe and South America. He even inspired a group of young Turkish army cadets and students.
In 1843, Mazzini organized yet another riot in Bologna but it met with the same result as the predecessors. However, the effort did not get wasted as Mazzini attracted popularity and support from the British liberals who were outraged as the information about the riot was leaked to the Austrian and Neapolitan government by British government officials.
Shifting base back to London, Mazzini wrote a long "open letter" to Pope Pius IX. However, the latter did not reply to Mazzini’s letter. It was during this time that Mazzini founded the People’s International League.
In 1848, Mazzini moved back to Paris where he founded a new political organization under the name, Associazione Nazionale Italiana.
Mazzini reached Milan on April 7, 1848. The condition of the state was crucial as the public had rebelled against Austrian garrison and established a provisional government. The First Italian War for Independence, initiated by Piedmontese king Charles Albert, turned into a total failure.
Meanwhile, Mazzini joined hands with Garibaldi and moved to Switzerland. On February 9, 1849 Rome was declared a Republic and Pope Pius was forced to flee. Incidentally, Mazzini who reached the city on the same day was appointed as a member of the "triumvirate" of the new republic.
As a leader, Mazzini displayed excellent administrative and executive skills in social reforms. However, when the French troops called by the Pope made it clear that the resistance of the Republican troops led by Garibaldi was futile, Mazzini set out for Marseille, from where he moved again to Switzerland.
The decade of 1850s did not bring fruitful result for Mazzini. Instead all his efforts seemed to go in vain. As such, most of the years, Mazzini spent hiding away from Swiss police.
Mazzini had started a newly founded organization by the name of Amici di Italia, Friends of Italy, in London in July 1850, with an aim to attract attention towards the Italian liberation cause.
Following this, he organized two more riots in 1852 and 1853 in Mantua and Milan, respectively. However, both the riots turned out to be unsuccessful and marred the image of Mazzini organization beyond recovery. Disheartened by the failure, Mazzini opted out of the alliance signed by Savoy with Austria for the Crimean War.
In 1853 - 1854, he organized expeditions of Felice Orsini in Carrara. Two years henceforth, Mazzini returned to Genoa to organize a series of uprisings; however, none of this brought promising results.
Mazzini was under the police radar but managed to flee away from them. However, an order was passed according to which he was condemned to death by default.
Later Mazzini founded another journal in London, Pensiero e azione Thought and Action. In addition to this, together with 151 Republicans, he signed a manifesto against the alliance between Piedmont and the King of France, which resulted in the Second War of Italian Independence and the conquest of Lombardy.
Mazzini joined hands with Garibaldi during his failed attempt to free Rome In 1862, . Meanwhile, France gave up on Venetia, which it had won from the Austro-Prussian War and gave it to the Kingdom of Italy, which was under the Savoy monarchy.
In 1867, Mazzini was offered a seat in the Italian Chamber of Deputies which he refused.
In 1870, while making an attempt to free Sicily, he was arrested and imprisoned in Gaeta but was freed shortly and returned to London.
Giuseppe Mazzini died on March 10, 1872, in Pisa, of pleurisy. His body was embalmed by Paolo Gorini. His funeral was held in Genoa, with 100,000 people taking part in it.
Giuseppe Mazzini was a well-known propagandist and revolutionary, founder of the secret revolutionary society Young Italy, and a champion of the movement for Italian unity known as the Risorgimento.
A bust of Mazzini is in New York's Central Park between 67th and 68th streets just west of the West Drive.
The 1973 - 1974 academic year at the College of Europe was named in his honor.
From 1831 to 1848, Giuseppe Mazzini belonged to a new political society called Young Italy. Young Italy was a secret society formed to promote Italian unification: "One, free, independent, republican nation." Mazzini believed that a popular uprising would create a unified Italy, and would touch off a European-wide revolutionary movement.
After the failure of the Italian revolutions of 1848, Giuseppe Mazzini's Young Italy was dissolved as political organization, to form the Italian National Association (Associazione Nazionale Italiana, ANI). During the 1848 - 1849, the ANI competed against the rival Moderate Party of Vincenzo Gioberti and Massimo d'Azeglio, that won the election in the Kingdom of Sardinia and established a new government. After some years of weak activities, in 1853 the ANI was renamed by Giuseppe Mazzini to Action Party, that published the booklet-manifesto "To the Italians" (Agli Italiani), invited the Italians to start various rebel and republican's organizations. Later this tactic was changed after the failed invasion of Sapri.
Giuseppe Mazzini was vigorously opposed to Marxism and Communism. Mazzini also rejected the classical liberal principles of the Enlightenment based on the doctrine of individualism, which he criticized as "presupposing either metaphysical materialism or political atheism."
Mazzini was also an early advocate of a "United States of Europe" about a century before the European Union began to take shape, and called for recognition of women's rights.
Quotations:
"Constancy is the complement of all other human virtues."
"Music is the harmonious voice of creation; an echo of the invisible world."
"The theory of rights enables us to rise and overthrow obstacles, but not to found a strong and lasting accord between all the elements which compose the nation."
"So long as you are ready to die for humanity, the life of your country is immortal."
Giuseppe Mazzini met Giuditta Bellerio Sidoli in 1831 during his stay at Marseille. She was a widow and Mazzini fell in love with her. In 1840, tired of Mazzini’s tumultuous life, Sidoli abandoned him to return to her children in Italy.
