In 1908 Landsberg entered the natural sciences section of the department of physics and mathematics of Moscow University, and after a year transferred to the mathematical section. He graduated in 1913 with a diploma of the first degree.
Career
Achievements
2011
In 2011 Grigory Landsberg was featured on a Russian envelope.
Membership
Russian Academy of Sciences
1932 - 1957
Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
In 1932 Landsberg was elected corresponding member of the U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences (now Russian Academy of Sciences), and in 1946 he became an active member.
Awards
State Stalin Prize
1941
Landsberg received the State Stalin Prize in 1941.
Order of Lenin
1945
Landsberg received two orders of Lenin in 1945.
Medal for Valiant Labour in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945
1945
Landsberg received the Medal for Valiant Labour in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945 in 1945.
In 1908 Landsberg entered the natural sciences section of the department of physics and mathematics of Moscow University, and after a year transferred to the mathematical section. He graduated in 1913 with a diploma of the first degree.
In 1932 Landsberg was elected corresponding member of the U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences (now Russian Academy of Sciences), and in 1946 he became an active member.
Grigory Landsberg was a Soviet physicist. He specialized in optics and spectroscopy, and with Leonid Mandelstam he co-discoverer inelastic combinatorial scattering of light, which known as Raman scattering. He also served as a professor at the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology.
Background
Grigory Landsberg was born on January 22, 1890, in Vologda, Russia. His father, Samuil Abramovich Landsberg, was a civil servant in a state forest preserve; his mother was Bertha Moiseevna Boim. The family first lived in Vologda, and then moved to Nizhny Novgorod.
Education
Landsberg graduated with a gold medal from the Gymnasium of Nizhniy Novgorod. In 1908 he entered the natural sciences section of the department of physics and mathematics of Moscow University, and after a year transferred to the mathematical section. He graduated in 1913 with a diploma of the first degree and remained at the university to prepare for a teaching career.
From 1913 to 1915 Landsberg was an assistant at the university; in 1915 he published with N. N. Andreev his first scientific work, on the manufacture of large electrical resistors. From 1918 to 1920 he was docent at Omsk Agricultural Institute.
In 1920 he returned to Moscow and became a scientific co-worker at the Institute of Physics and Biophysics. His interest in optics dates from this time. In 1925 L. I. Mandelshtam transferred to Moscow University, and from this time on Landsberg and Mandelshtam conducted joint research. Their first study was on Rayleigh scattering in crystals. A problem resulted from the presence in the crystals of internal defects, which caused an additional effect in the scattering of light. Using the fact that the intensity of the molecular scattering of light depends on temperature, Landsberg was able to separate the molecular scattering from the side effects. Landsberg and Mandelshtam subsequently began to study the spectral composition of light scattered by a quartz crystal. It followed from theoretical considerations that a fine structure must be present in the scattered light, caused by the modulation of the Rayleigh line by heatwaves distributed through the crystal.
In the fall of 1927 Landsberg and Mandelshtam discovered a new phenomenon: satellites were observed in the spectrum of scattered light from a crystal, but the changes in their wavelength from the primary light appeared considerably larger than those expected from the modulation by heat waves. It became obvious that these changes were caused by the modulation of light by the infrared vibrations of the molecules of the crystal. The new phenomenon was called “combination scattering.” On May 6, 1928, the first communication on this discovery was submitted for publication; it contained not only experimental facts but also the theory of the new effect and a collection of experimental and computational data.
An analogous effect in liquids had been discovered simultaneously by C. V. Raman, who reported his discovery several weeks before Landsberg and Mandelshtam. Raman received the 1930 Nobel Prize in physics for his discovery, and the effect was named after him. After careful study of the new effect, Landsberg and Mandelshtam continued their research on Rayleigh scattering in crystals, concentrating on the intensity and anisotropy of the light scattering. Through this research, an incomplete theory was clarified, and under Landsberg’s leadership, a new theory was worked out. In 1931 Landsberg and Mandelshtam discovered a sharp intensification of the scattering near-resonant spectral lines of atoms.
In 1932 Landsberg began his broad research in the area of emission spectral analysis and its applications. Landsberg and his co-workers developed a method of rapid identification of alloyed steels by spectral analysis. In 1934 Landsberg organized a large scientific research laboratory in the Lebedev Physical Institute of the U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences; there Landsberg and his colleagues carried out investigations on combination scattering in organic substances, which permitted them to clarify a number of peculiarities in the hydrogen bond and the conditions of formation of associated complexes. Landsberg’s development of methods and devices for spectral analysis played a considerable practical role during World War II, when Landsberg worked in Kazan. He subsequently carried out investigations of molecular scattering in viscous liquids and amorphous bodies.
Landsberg gave considerable attention to the teaching of physics. In 1929 with B. A. Vvedensky he wrote Contemporary Theory of Magnetism. In 1934 he published a basic course, Optics, still widely used in Soviet higher educational institutions. On his initiative the three-volume Elementary Textbook of Physics was created; it has been reprinted many times.
In 1951-1957 he served as a professor at the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology.
In 1932 Landsberg was elected a corresponding member of the U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences (now Russian Academy of Sciences), and in 1946 he became an active member.
Russian Academy of Sciences
,
Russia
1932 - 1957
Connections
Landsberg was married to Frida Samoilovna Baryshevskaya. They had a son, Leonid Grigoryevich Landsberg.