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Harold Clayton Urey was born on April 29, 1893 in Walkerton, Indiana, United States. He was the son of Samuel Clayton Urey, who was a schoolteacher and lay minister in the Church of the Brethren. His mother was Cora Reinoehl Urey. Urey’s father died when Harold was only six years old, and his mother later married another Brethren minister. Urey had a sister, Martha, a brother, Clarence, and two half-sisters, Florence and Ina.
Urey sudied at Amish grade school, which he graduated from at the age of 14. He then attended high school in Kendallville, Indiana. After graduating from it at 18, Urey underwent education training at Earlham College for three months. In 1914 he entered Montana State University in Bozeman and graduated in three years with a baccalaureate in science. In 1921 he entered the graduate school at the University of California, Berkeley.
Urey's interest focused upon molecular structure, a new field for scientists in the United States. His doctoral research on the conductivity of cesium vapor led him to the theory of thermal ionization in stellar atmospheres. Within two years he received the doctorate in 1923 and, with a Scandinavian Foundation fellowship, later studied in Copenhagen at the Institute of Theoretical Physics, headed by Niels Bohr.
Later Urey received 23 honorary doctorates .
Before entering the university, Urey taught in small country schools in Indiana and then Montana. The United States entered World War I in 1916 and Urey began work at the Barrett Chemical Company in Frankford near Philadelphia, preparing toluene for the production of TNT (trinitrotoluene) in 1917. In 1919 he returned to Montana to teach in the department of chemistry for 2 years.
The years 1921–1923 Urey spent at the University of California in Berkeley and at the Institute of Theoretical Physics in Copenhagen. During his residence in Berkeley and Copenhagen, Urey began to work with some of the most prominent physicists and chemists of the 20th century, including Werner Heisenberg, Wolfgang Pauli and Georg von Hevsey. In Hamburg, Germany, he met Albert Einstein and James Franck, both of whom became his lifelong friends. In 1924 he returned to the United States to take a National Research Council fellowship at Harvard but instead accepted a faculty position as associate in chemistry at Johns Hopkins University, where he remained until 1929. There he and Russel Bichowsky hypothesized the idea of electron spin to explain the fine structure of the atomic spectral lines.
Between 1923 and 1929 Urey published 20 scientific papers or notes, almost all of them on aspects of atomic structure and the others on molecular band spectroscopy. In 1930 the book Atoms, Molecules, and Quanta, by A. E. Ruark and Urey, appeared. It became, and remained for a long time, one of the standard texts on the subject. In 1929 Urey became associate professor of chemistry at Columbia University in New York and professor in 1934. He refined his interest in sub-atomic and molecular structure and discovered a discrepancy in the atomic weight of hydrogen compared with that of oxygen, as measured by chemical means and by mass spectrometry. The discrepancy led to his identification of a heavy isotope of hydrogen (deuterium) found in concentrations of about 1 part per 5,000. Calculating that the heavy isotope would boil less easily than the lighter, he had a friend at the Bureau of Standards, Ferinand G. Brickwedde, distill hydrogen. In the residue they and George M. Murphy discovered heavy water, molecules with one atom of oxygen and two atoms of hydrogen or deuterium.
Until 1941 Urey remained editor of the Journal of Chemical Physics, published by the American Institute of Physics for the new breed of physical chemists interested in subatomic and molecular spectroscopy and structure. He established the journal's preeminent reputation and the name of the field, chemical physics. His scientific work in Columbia became more and more concerned with the separation of isotopes of the lighter elements. The rarer isotopes of oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and sulfur were concentrated. When full-scale work began in Columbia on the separation of the rare fissionable lighter isotope of uranium, U235, from the much more abundant U 238, Urey became project head. He then served as one of three program chiefs of the Manhattan Project. Even after the project's successful conclusion at Oak Ridge, Tennessee, he felt discouraged. The atmosphere of secrecy, the tight time schedule, and the limitations and conflicts of the work oppressed him.
After the war Urey, along with many others, was attracted to the plan of Chancellor Hutchins to build a group of research institutes at the University of Chicago. When the new institutes were founded, Urey was in the Institute for Nuclear Studies, later to become the Enrico Fermi Institute. For a while Urey, uncharacteristically, still suffering from the trauma of the war work, tended to drift, and he looked for new fields to conquer. He soon became interested in the past history of the earth and the planetary system. He initiated the use of analysis of the isotopic abundance in sea fossils to estimate the temperature of past oceans and helped prepare the most commonly accepted table of the elements. He also worked on meteoritic ages, composition, and classification. But his abiding interest then became earth's moon. Many of his later papers concerned the possible character of its formation and past history.
Urey influenced astronomers and others to consider chemical evidence in the origin of the solar system and later became an active consultant to NASA, Lunar Sciences, and to the Space Science Board, National Academy of Sciences. The trials of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg, who were accused of stealing secrets relating to the construction of the atomic bomb, attracted Urey's interest in 1952. The letters in their defense that he wrote to President Harry S. Truman, the New York Times and the presiding trial judge received mixed reviews from the public, but they further cemented his relationship with Albert Einstein, who wrote Urey a strong letter of support. In 1952 he published The Planets: Their Origins and Development.
In 1958 Urey moved to the Scrimps Institution of Oceanography in La Jolla, where he continued to teach and to do active research in the general field of geochemistry and planetary science. He later became a member of the Union of Concerned Scientists. In 1975 the organization petitioned then President Gerald Ford to limit the expansion of nuclear power plants. Urey's expressed alarm for the safety of nuclear power plants, nuclear waste disposal and the spread of nuclear weapons.
The discovery of deuterium made Urey famous in the scientific world, and three years later, in 1934, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in chemistry for his discovery.
He received numerous honors besides the Nobel Prize. Even late in life, Urey continued to receive honors and awards from a grateful nation and admiring colleagues. He was awarded the Johann Kepler Medal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1971, the Priestley Medal of the American Chemical Society in 1973, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Exceptional Scientific Achievement Award that same year, and the 200th Anniversary Plaque of the American Chemical Society in 1976.
His bibliography of scientific publications exceeded 200 titles.
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Urey was a member of Union of Concerned Scientistsi, also he was a member or fellow of some 25 societies or academies. In 1933 he was appointed the Ernest Kempton Adams Fellow.
Urey enjoyed gardening, and raising cattleya, cymbidium and other orchids.
In 1926 Urey married Frieda Daum. They had four children - Gertrude Elizabeth, Frieda Rebecca, Mary Alice and John Clayton.
Her intelligence, good humor and warm hospitality made the Urey house a meeting place for scientists and intellectuals of all fields.
She was born in 1927.
She was born in 1934.
She was born in 1929.
He was born in 1939.
