Background
Ibn al-Haytham was born on July 1, in 965 to an Arab family in Basra, Iraq, which was at the time under Shia rule (Buyid emirate).
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الحسن بن الحسن بن الهيثم
Astronomer mathematician physicist scientist
Ibn al-Haytham was born on July 1, in 965 to an Arab family in Basra, Iraq, which was at the time under Shia rule (Buyid emirate).
Ibn al Haytham received all his education at Basra.
Ibn al Haytham gained sufficient fame for his knowledge of physics in his youth that he was called to Egypt by the Fatimid ruler al-Hakim to attempt to regulate the flow of the Nile. Failing in this effort, he was disgraced and established himself as a copyist of mathematical manuscripts; there still exists in Istanbul a manuscript of the Banu Musa's version of Apollonius's Conics copied by him in 1024. He continued to practice the scribal art in Cairo for the remainder of his life.
He did not cease to pursue his scientific studies, however, and published a large number of highly original works. He produced two catalogs of his own work, which are preserved by Ibn abi Usaybia. The first of these, compiled in 1027, comprises 25 books on mathematics and 44 on physics and metaphysics, including On the Structure of the World. The second, supplementary catalog was complied in 1028.
The primary interest of al-Haytham was the explanation of phenomena by both mathematical and physical hypotheses. His interest in astronomy was motivated by the discrepancy between the Aristotelian physical and mechanistic model of the celestial spheres and the Ptolemaic mathematical model. On the Structure of the World, of which only the Latin translation has been published, describes the Aristotelian sublunar world of four elements and the Ptolemaic celestial spheres in all their complexity as if they were material. He inserts a discussion of the perception of lunar and solar eclipses based on the assumption that the moon and sun are solid physical bodies.
This problem al-Haytham takes up again in On the Light of the Moon, in which he refutes the ancient theory that the moon reflects the sun's light like a mirror. Rather he believes that the moon is a self-illuminating body because each point on its surface broadcasts light rays in all directions, whereas each point on the surface of a mirror reflects a light ray from a single source (here the sun) in only one direction. However, he further believes that the eye receives two primary impressions in the act of vision: light and color. Therefore he concludes that only some physical effect of the sun's light rays on the moon renders the latter's color visible.
Al-Haytham's greatest scientific achievements were in the field of optics. He directed analyses on the engendering of light and hues, optic illusions and reflections. He inspected the refraction of light beams through straightforward medium (air, water) and recorded the laws of refraction. He likewise did the main analyses on the scattering of light into hues. In itemizing his test with circular fragments (glass vessels loaded with water), he verged on finding the hypothesis of amplifying lenses which was created in Italy three centuries later. It took an additional three centuries under the watchful eye of the law of sines was proposed by Snell and Descartes.
His book Kitab-al-Manazir was interpreted into Latin in the middle Ages, as likewise his book managing the shades of dusk. He managed finally with the hypothesis of different physical wonders, for example, the rainbow, shadows, overshadows, and estimated on the physical way of light. Roger Bacon in the 13th century, Pole Witelo and all Medieval Western essayists on Optics construct their optical work basically with respect to Al-Haytham's 'Opticae Thesaurus.' His work additionally impacted Leonardo da Vinci and Johann Kepler. His way to deal with optics created new thoughts and brought about extraordinary advancement in exploratory strategies.
Al-Haytham was the first to depict precisely the different parts of the eye and gave an experimental clarification of the procedure of vision. He repudiated Ptolemy's and Euclid's hypothesis of vision that the eye conveys visual beams to the item; as per him the beams start in the object of vision and not in the eye. He additionally endeavored to clarify binocular vision, and gave a right clarification of the evident increment in size of the sun and the moon when close to the skyline.
In Al-Haytham's works, one finds an unmistakable clarification of the advancement of investigative strategy, the deliberate perception of physical marvels and their relationship to hypothesis. His exploration in optics concentrated on circular and allegorical mirrors and round variation. He mentioned the imperative objective fact that the proportion between the point of occurrence and refraction does not stay consistent and explored the amplifying force of a lens. His catoptrics contains the vital issue known as Alhazen's issue. It contains drawing lines from two focuses in the plane of a circle meeting at a point on the boundary and making square with edges with the typical by then. This prompts a condition of the fourth degree. He likewise tackled the state of an aplantic surface for reflection.
In his book Mizan al-Hikmah, he has talked about the thickness of the environment and built up a connection amongst it and the tallness. He additionally contemplated barometrical refraction. He found that the sundown just stops or starts when the sun is 19 degrees underneath the skyline and endeavored to gauge the tallness of the air on that premise. He found the stature of homogeneous environment to be 55 miles. In arithmetic, he created diagnostic geometry by setting up linkage amongst variable based math and geometry.
Al-Haytham composed more than two hundred books, not very many of which have survived. His momentous treatise on optics has made due through its Latin interpretation. Amid the middle Ages his books on cosmology were interpreted into Latin, Hebrew and other European dialects. He died in 1040 in Cairo.
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Ibn al Haytham was an early proponent of the concept that a hypothesis must be proved by experiments based on confirmable procedures or mathematical evidence, as such anticipating the scientific method.