The History of the Development of Medical Science in America as Recorded in the American Journal of the Medical Sciences: An Historical Study (Classic Reprint)
(Excerpt from The History of the Development of Medical Sc...)
Excerpt from The History of the Development of Medical Science in America as Recorded in the American Journal of the Medical Sciences: An Historical Study
There are few undertakings more pleasant and profitable than the study of. The development of some branch of scientific activity, and in a country so young as ours it is possible in many instances to trace such evolution from its very start, and to observe the sources in other countries from which its original inspiration was de rived. It is so of our medical literature and teaching. The men who subsequently founded the first medical schools of America finished their medical studies under the great teachers in the universities of Leipsic, Leyden, London, and Edinburgh, and upon their return to this country imparted the learning of their masters to those who be came their pupils. There was one drawback, however, to the early progress of medicine in America which retarded its development. For many years, the lack of a medium of expression and communication for its workers, without which no science can thrive and develop.
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Diseases of the Chest and the Principles of Physical Diagnosis
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Modern treatment; the management of disease with medicinal and non-medicinal remedies, in contributions by American and foreign authorities
(This is a reproduction of a book published before 1923. T...)
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Henry Robert Murray Landis was an American physician and tuberculosis specialist. He was a director of the clinical and sociological department of the Henry Phipps Institute.
Background
Henry Robert Murray Landis was born in Niles, Ohio, the only child of Henry Gardner and Elizabeth B. (Hafey) Landis. He was a descendant of Henry Landis, a Swiss who arrived in Germantown, Pennsylvania, in 1683 and later settled in New Jersey. Landis's father was born near Philadelphia; a graduate of Yale and of the Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, he achieved some prominence as professor of obstetrics at the Starling Medical College in Columbus, Ohio, and as a writer on that subject before his early death in 1886, at the age of thirty-eight, of Addison's disease and pulmonary tuberculosis.
Education
Young Landis attended the Columbus Latin School and after one year at Ohio State University transferred to Amherst, from which he was graduated in 1894. The degree of doctor of science that Amherst later conferred on him (1929) he regarded as the crowning honor of his life. In 1897 Landis was graduated from his father's medical college in Philadelphia.
Career
As his father had done, Landis served his internship at the Philadelphia General Hospital, where he quickly revealed his natural talents as an investigator, observer, clinician, reporter, and literary critic.
In his final year (1899), recognizing that he had, like his father, contracted tuberculosis, he went to the Adirondack Cottage Sanitarium (later the Trudeau Sanatorium) at Saranac Lake, New York, where his health was apparently restored. Impressed by the results being achieved by Dr. Edward L. Trudeau and his staff at Saranac, and influenced by the family incidence of the disease, Landis returned to Philadelphia determined to specialize in tuberculosis. The moment was opportune. Dr. Lawrence F. Flick, Philadelphia's leading crusader in the first scientifically oriented, if at first not wholly coordinated, campaign against tuberculosis, had opened the White Haven Sanatorium in Pennsylvania's Lehigh Valley in 1901, and this was followed in February 1903 by the Henry Phipps Institute for the Study, Prevention, and Treatment of Tuberculosis, in Philadelphia, the latter heralded as the first institution in the United States established for the eradication of a single disease.
In the following month Landis joined the Flick group at the Phipps Institute, and thereafter became as director of its clinical and sociological department. At the White Haven Sanatorium, located in the hard-coal district of Pennsylvania, Landis also became interested in the effects of dust inhalation upon the lungs. In 1910, when the Phipps Institute became a part of the University of Pennsylvania medical school, Landis joined the university's medical faculty, on which he served for the rest of his life, from 1926 on as professor of clinical medicine.
In 1917, with his university colleague Dr. George W. Norris, he published the textbook Diseases of the Chest and the Principles of Physical Diagnosis. Regarded by a generation of physicians and medical students as a classic work on physical diagnosis, it went through six editions, the last appearing in 1938, shortly after Landis's death.
Dark haired, tall and erect (until his last years), handsome and well dressed, Landis had a vitality that was particularly impressive to those who knew of the periods during which he was largely incapacitated by his recurrent tuberculosis. His vitality enabled him to carry on the several phases of his work--investigation, teaching, writing, editing; to participate in a number of professional organizations (he was a founder and later an honorary vice-president of the National Tuberculosis Association and served as president of the Pennsylvania Society for the Prevention of Tuberculosis); and to enjoy, as his father had, the amenities of cultural and social interests.
Outwardly a debonair aristocrat, Landis dedicated his professional work to the study, in those of humble circumstances, of a disease which he himself shared. He died in Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania, of laryngeal and pulmonary tuberculosis after a painful and protracted illness and was buried in Laurel Hill Cemetery, Philadelphia.
Achievements
Landis played an important part in developing knowledge of the environmental factors effective in the spread of what was then one of the world's great scourges. His most memorable accomplishment at the Phipps Institute was his study of tuberculosis among Negroes. This study he was able to carry through successfully, after initial frustrating attempts, by organizing a clinic staffed by Negro physicians and nurses. The methods and results of this work had a nationwide influence. He also published works on silicosis and anthracosis that established him as a pioneer investigator in this important field.
