Background

Howard Washington Odum was born on May 24, 1884, in Covington, near Bethlehem, Georgia, the son of William Pleasants Odum and Mary Ann Thomas Odum. He grew up in modest circumstances on his family's small farm.

Education

Odum's formal education was a product of hard work, borrowed money, and happy coincidence. At the age of thirteen the family moved to Oxford, Georgia, where he attended Emory Academy and College, graduating in 1904 with the B. A. degree in English and classics. Odum earned an M. A. in classics at the University of Mississippi in 1906.

Career

At the university, Thomas Pierce Bailey, a recent Ph. D. in psychology from Clark University, converted Odum to social science and encouraged his collecting of the songs and tales of blacks in nearby communities. When he entered the graduate program at Clark, Odum fashioned these researches into a doctoral dissertation, "Religious Folk-Songs of the Southern Negroes" (1909), under G. Stanley Hall. In 1910 Odum wrote a second doctoral dissertation, his first formal work in sociology, under Franklin Giddings at Columbia University. This was published as Social and Mental Traits of the Negro (1910). In it Odum provided a compendium of detail concerning black society. Although Odum insisted that the black was "neither an aberrant form of other races nor a hopelessly arrested type of any race, " thus challenging fashionable racist assumptions, critics found this work marred by Odum's apparent acceptance of disfranchisement and segregation, and by his failure to make clear distinctions between cultural and racial traits.

As Odum's interest in folk culture deepened, Odum turned to secular songs in The Negro and His Songs (1925) and Negro Workaday Songs (1926). In Rainbow Round My Shoulder (1928), Wings on My Feet (1929), and Cold Blue Moon (1931) he described the wanderings of Left-Wing Gordon, a semifictional black Ulysses whose ripe wisdom dramatized the richness of folk culture. Odum later worked for the Commission on Interracial Cooperation (1919 - 1944), at first sharing its approach of seeking gains for southern blacks within the framework of segregation. But during the 1940's as president of the newly formed Southern Regional Council (1944 - 1946), he finally came to reject segregation.

Following graduate school, Odum launched a career as sociologist and administrator. Unable at first to obtain an academic post, he undertook a study published as Hygiene in the Schools of Philadelphia (1912) for the city's Bureau of Municipal Research. From 1912 to 1919 he was professor of educational sociology at the University of Georgia. In 1918 he served as director of civilian relief for the southern division of the Red Cross, establishing a foundation for his later interest in public welfare. He returned to Emory in 1919 as professor of ecology and dean of liberal arts, but in 1920 joined the faculty at the University of North Carolina, where he remained for the rest of his life.

At Chapel Hill Odum organized and directed (1920 - 1932) a new school of public welfare (later renamed the School of Social Work); and in 1924, with characteristic adroitness in securing grants, he established an institute of research in social science with the help of the Rockefeller Fund. In 1922 he founded the Journal of Social Forces, which he also edited. It was largely due to his efforts that the University of North Carolina gained a national reputation in the social sciences within a decade. Odum's own work in the 1920's joined faith in "objective measurement" with the belief that sociology must provide social guidance. In such books as An Approach to Public Welfare and Social Work (1926) and Man's Quest for Social Guidance (1927) he urged greater efficiency and government involvement in the welfare system in opposition to the "charities and corrections" approach of voluntary philanthropy. In 1929, at President Hoover's request, he helped William F. Ogburn coordinate the monumental study that was published as Recent Trends in the United States (1933). The work marked a new departure in the relations between the federal government and the social sciences.

During the 1930's Odum developed his best-known concept, that of regionalism. He announced his new subject in "Folk and Regional Conflict as a Field of Sociological Study, " an address to the American Sociological Society, of which he was elected president in 1930. Aided by a grant from the Social Science Research Council, he published Southern Regions (1936), followed by American Regionalism (1938, written with Harry E. Moore), the most complete statement of his program. Working actively for his concept, Odum planned a Council on Southern Regional Development in the late 1930's. Although this ambitious scheme failed, his ideas found limited fruition in several New Deal regional plans, in the work of a southern governors' conference that in 1939 proposed a ten-year plan based on his design, and in the development research of the Southern Association for Science and Industry, founded in 1941.

The antithesis of sectionalism, regionalism to Odum meant cooperation and coordination among the nation's major areas, delimited by geography, history, and culture. His goal was unity through diversity. More than a social program, regionalism was a conceptual framework for synthesizing the social sciences and even the humanities and natural sciences. Critics, however, recited the realities of sectional competition and interest group politics that finally thwarted Odum's purpose. He was also hampered by the sheer breadth of his vision and by an obscure prose style, soon dubbed "Odumesque. "

In his last decade, Odum worked to systematize his folk sociology. Contrasting "folkways, " "technicways, " and "stateways, " he described the destruction of traditional community through technology and the resulting intellectualism, specialization, and centralization of the modern state. Although he did not idealize the folk - he saw Nazism, which he abhorred, as a folk movement - he stressed the role of folk culture in strengthening and vitalizing state civilization. Odum refined his ideas in Understanding Society (1947) and in a long article on folk society in Social Forces (1953). His system nonetheless remained incomplete. A social scientist, he turned to prose poetry to express deeper truths of human experience in An American Epoch (1930), an impressionistic view of southern folk life through four generations. Active to the last, he was working on several books when he died in Chapel Hill, North Carolina.

Achievements

• Howard Odum founded the Journal of Social Forces in 1922. Odum with the help of the Rockefeller Fund established the Howard W. Odum Institute for Research in Social Science in 1924. Odum's most important works: Religious Folk-Songs of the Southern Negroes (1909); Social and Mental Traits of the Negro (1910); The Negro and His Songs (1925); Negro Workaday Songs (1926); Rainbow Round My Shoulder (1928); Wings on My Feet (1929); Cold Blue Moon (1931); Hygiene in the Schools of Philadelphia (1912); An Approach to Public Welfare and Social Work (1926); Man's Quest for Social Guidance (1927); Recent Trends in the United States (1933); Southern Regions (1936); American Regionalism (1938).

Works

More photos

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  • Negro Workaday Songs (Classic Reprint)

    (Excerpt from Negro Workaday Songs Since this volume pres...)

  • Social and mental traits of the Negro; research into the conditions of the Negro race in southern towns, a study in race traits, tendencies and prospects

    (This book was originally published prior to 1923, and rep...)

  • Community and government; a manual of discussion and study of the newer ideals of citizenship

    (This is a reproduction of a book published before 1923. T...)

  • Constructive ventures in government; a manual of discussion and study of woman's new part in the newer ideas of citizenship

    (This is a reproduction of a book published before 1923. T...)

  • Community and Government: A Manual of Discussion and Study of the Newer Ideals of Citizenship 1921

    (Originally published in 1921. This volume from the Cornel...)

  • Understanding Society: The Principles Of Dynamic Sociology
  • Southern regions of the United States,
  • Sociology and Social Problems: Reading with a Purpose
  • Religious Folk-Songs of the Southern Negroes
  • The Negro and His Songs: A Study of Typical Negro Songs in the South

Membership

Howard Odum was a member of the Commission on Interracial Cooperation (1919 - 1944); president of the American Sociological Society (1930) and of the Southern Regional Council (1944 - 1946).

Personality

Odum's combination of energy, productivity, and modesty charmed colleagues and students. Apparent contradictions in his personality were measures of his wide-ranging interests. An academic activist, he disliked narrow "do-goodism. "

A prolific scholar, Howard Odum once remarked that his pedigreed Jerseys (of which he was a master breeder) were worth more than his books.

Quotes from others about the person

• Odum saw the world, one of his students noted, "in larger units, [and] deeper patterns than he could communicate or we could understand. "

Interests

• Philosophers & Thinkers

  Howard Odum was influenced by Franz Boas's lectures.

Connections

Howard Odum was married to Anna Louise Kranz on December 24, 1910, and had three children: two sons, Eugene and Howard T. Odum, and a daughter, Mary Frances Odum.

Father:

William Pleasants Odum

Mother:

Mary Ann Thomas Odum

Daughter:

Mary Frances Odum

Son:

Eugene Odum

Son:

Howard T. Odum