Background
Joannes Gregorius Dusser de Barenne was born on June 6, 1885, at Brielle in the Netherlands. He was the only son of Elize Marie Dusser de Barenne, commissioner of police in Amsterdam, and Dorothea Rebecca (Vogelzang) Dusser de Barenne.
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Joannes Gregorius Dusser de Barenne was born on June 6, 1885, at Brielle in the Netherlands. He was the only son of Elize Marie Dusser de Barenne, commissioner of police in Amsterdam, and Dorothea Rebecca (Vogelzang) Dusser de Barenne.
Dusser de Barenne received his education in Dutch public schools and at the University of Amsterdam, where he obtained his medical degree in 1909.
Dusser de Barenne's scientific career fell into five periods.
The first was from 1909 till 1911, when he served as teaching assistant in the laboratory of physiology at the University of Amsterdam. During these years he began to investigate the physiological action of the drug strychnine on the central nervous system, his first studies dealing with the effect of its local application on the reflexes of the spinal cord. Seven of his nine papers published during these three years dealt with the action of strychnine. Although his attention was thus first concentrated on the drug per se, he quickly realized that his procedures could be more widely applied to the investigation of the central nervous function.
The second period of his scientific career extended from September 1911 to August 1914, during which time he held the post of psychiatrist at the Meerenberg Lunatic Asylum north of Amsterdam. While there he continued his experimental work and also published papers on various aspects of organic neurology. His physiological studies during this time were concerned with the elucidation of the phenomenon of decerebrate rigidity described earlier by Sir Charles Sherrington. Among other things he established the fact that well-defined electrical potentials can be detected in muscles exhibiting the phenomenon of rigidity. He also devoted attention to the neck and labyrinthine reflexes which had recently been described by the eminent neurophysiologist Professor Rudolph Magnus of Utrecht and pointed out that these potentials also could be detected in animals with an intact nervous system.
During the third period of Dusser de Barenne's scientific investigations (1914-1918) he served as medical officer on active duty in the Dutch army and found time to study in man the mechanism of tonic contraction of skeletal muscle as well as the functional localization of sensory phenomena in the cerebral cortex. With his Dutch colleague Jan Boeke, he published an important paper on sympathetic innervation of skeletal muscle. He left the army just before the Armistice to accept an appointment as lecturer and privatdozent in the department of pharmacology and physiology at the University of Utrecht, a post which he held until 1930, when he came to the United States.
During this fourth period (1918-1930) he was in intimate contact with Rudolph Magnus and joined him in a study of the physiology of posture and the functions of the cerebellum; but his interests were catholic, and one finds papers on the action of insulin on the metabolism of muscle during decerebrate rigidity, on the influence of vagus nerve stimulation on action potentials of the diaphragm, and several communications on mystagmus. His most important contribution during these years came as a result of a visit in the spring of 1924 to Sherrington's laboratory at Oxford. There he studied sensory symptoms caused by local application of strychnine to the cerebral cortex of monkeys. His findings demonstrated, as Sherrington had done previously for the motor area of many animals, the major functional divisions of the sensory cortex; his paper on this subject was the first of an important series on functional localization in the cerebral cortex. By this time Dusser de Barenne had by common consent become the foremost of the younger generation of Dutch physiologists, and he would in all probability have been called to one of the important chairs of physiology in the Netherlands had he not been an outspoken free-thinker in religion. Thus Holland allowed the United States to claim one of the most distinguished physiologists the continent of Europe has ever produced.
Persuaded by Milton C. Winternitz, dean of the Yale University School of Medicine, who made a special trip to Utrecht for the purpose, and by the opportunity to establish a research laboratory in the field of neurophysiology, Dusser de Barenne came to New Haven with his family in September 1930 and began the fifth period of his career, as Sterling Professor of Physiology at Yale, which lasted until his death.
His first collaborator during this period of intense and productive activity was Clyde Marshall, with whom he worked on the influence of the motor cortex on the spinal cord and also on adjacent cortical areas. His second collaborator was B. S. Brody. The two papers which he published with Marshall and Brody inaugurated a series of important reports on the functional organization of the cerebral hemispheres in primate forms.
With Yale D. Koskoff he went on to study flexor rigidity in cats with severed spinal cords, and a year or so later, with Richard Wendt, commenced conditioned reflex studies. Barenne's most fruitful collaboration was with Warren S. McCulloch and Leslie F. Nims, with whom he studied the effects of laminar coagulation of the cerebral cortex.
At Yale he was an inspiring teacher and an active editor of the Journal of Neurophysiology, which he played a part in founding (1938).
He died of a coronary seizure while on a visit to Boston and was buried in Evergreen Cemetery in New Haven.
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Dusser de Barenne lived by Ludwig's precept, "Never think if you can experiment. "
In his personal life Dusser de Barenne was even more reticent than most continentals.
On October 12, 1911, Joannes Gregorius Dusser de Barenne married Kate Snellen, daughter of the well-known Dutch ophthalmologist Herman Snellen. They had three children: Charlotte, Dorothea, and Elizabeth. His wife died in 1931, shortly after arriving in the United States, and on August 12, 1935, he married Emily Lockwood Greene, daughter of Daniel Crosby Greene of Boston. They had one child, a daughter, Marion.
