Background
José do Patrocínio was born in the city of Campos dos Goytacazes, to João Carlos Monteiro, a vicar and politician, and Justina do Espírito Santo, a young freed slave from Elmina, Ghana.
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Os Retirantes de José do Patrocínio. "Tinha acabado a missa conventual e só à tarde sairia a procissão de prece: a imagem da Senhora da Piedade no seu andor armado de damasco e festões de flores, carregado por virgens; o Cristo de lividez poética na sua cruz negra e desornada. A população de B. V., pequena paróquia cearense, achava-se bem, como quem retesa os músculos depois de um pesadelo; espanejava-se num contentamento largo como um romper da alva. A maior parte dos paroquianos estava reunida a rir e a galhofar e acentuava insistentemente o contraste entre o seu aspecto de hoje e o da véspera."
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José do Patrocínio was born in the city of Campos dos Goytacazes, to João Carlos Monteiro, a vicar and politician, and Justina do Espírito Santo, a young freed slave from Elmina, Ghana.
He founded and occupied the 21st chair of the Brazilian Academy of Letters from 1897 until his death in 1905. After finishing school, Do Patrocínio went to Rio de Janeiro, where he served as a bricklayer during the construction of the Santa Casa da Misericórdia. He became interested in Medicine and began studying at the Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, graduating in Pharmacy in 1874.
However, Do Patrocínio could not find a home to live in after his graduation.
Later entering to a Republican club, he met Quintino Bocaiuva, Lopes Trovão and Pardal Mallet, among others He soon fell in love with Sena"s daughter, Maria Henriqueta, whom he affectionately called "Bibi".
Although Emiliano initially disapproved their relationship, he later complied with lieutenant With Sena"s permission, Do Patrocínio married Bibi in 1879.
During this period, Do Patrocínio began his journalistic career.
He founded, alongside Demerval da Fonseca, a journal named Os Ferrões (The Stings). Fonseca used the pen name Eurus Ferrão, while Do Patrocínio used Notus Ferrão. In 1879, he became a contributing editor for the journal Gazeta de Notícias, where he wrote articles under the pen name Proudhomme.
Within a short time his abolitionist writings increased the daily circulation of the paper from 2,000 to 12,000 copies.
In 1880 he founded an Abolitionist society alongside Joaquim Nabuco. He and its members (such as André Rebouças and Aristides Lobo) were famous for buying manumissions for slaves.
In 1885, invited by Francisco de Paula Ney, he travelled to Ceará, where he was very well received. He was also well received when returned to Campos dos Goytacazes, where he took his mother to Rio de Janeiro, for her burial.
Famous personalities, such as Ruy Barbosa, Rodolfo Epifânio de Sousa Dantas, Campos Sales and Prudente de Morais, attended the burial.
He died in 1905, during a speech in honor of Alberto Santos-Dumont, due to an hemoptysis. Do Patrocínio was portrayed by Antonio Pitanga in the 1969 telenovel Sangue do Meu Sangue, by Kadu Karneiro in its 1995 remake, by Valter Santos in the 1988 miniseries Abolição and by Maurício Gonçalves in the 1999 miniseries Chiquinha Gonzaga.
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Academia Brasileira de Letras]
In 1889, with the Brazilian Proclamation of the Republic, he was a member of the Revolta da Armada of 1892, being exiled in Cucuí, in Amazonas.