Background
Fourier was born on March 21, 1768 at Auxerre (now in the Yonne département of France), the son of a tailor. He was orphaned at age nine.
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Fourier was born on March 21, 1768 at Auxerre (now in the Yonne département of France), the son of a tailor. He was orphaned at age nine.
When at the age of 8 Joseph Fourier lost his father, the bishop of Auxerre secured his admission to the local military school conducted by Benedictine monks.
In 1794 a central teachers' college (École Normale) was established in Paris, and Fourier was one of its first students.
Joseph Fourier served as a lay teacher in his former school at Auxerre. In 1789 Fourier's first memoir on the numerical solution of algebraic equations was read before the French Academy of Sciences. He was promoted to the faculty of École Normale as a lecturer. He then received an appointment to the newly founded École Polytechnique, where he first served as a chief lecturer on fortifications and later as professor of mathematical analysis.
Fourier was 30 when Napoleon requested his participation as a scientific adviser on an expedition to Egypt. Fourier served from 1798 to 1802 as secretary of the Institut d'Égypte, established by Napoleon to explore systematically the archeological riches of that ancient land. His papers, published in the Décade and the Courrier d'Égypte, showed him to be preoccupied with problems that ranged from the general solution of algebraic equations to irrigation projects. Fourier proved himself a tactful diplomat, and upon his return to France Napoleon appointed him perfect of the department of lsère, with Grenoble as its capital, where he served from 1801 to 1814. There he wrote the work on the mathematical theory of heat conduction which earned him lasting fame. Its first draft was submitted to the academy in 1807; a second, much-expanded version, which received the award of the academy in 1812, was entitled Théorie des Mouvement de la Chaleur dans Les corps solids. The first part of it was printed in book form in 1822 under the title Théorie analytique de la Chaleur. It was a masterpiece, not only because it covered the hitherto unexplored field of heat propagation but also because it contained the mathematical techniques which later were developed into a special branch of mathematics - Fourier analysis and Fourier integrals.
From 1815 Fourier served as director of the Bureau of Statistics in Paris. In the eyes of the new, royalist regime, Fourier's long service under Napoleon was offset by his opposition to Napoleon upon the latter's return from Elba.
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(Excerpt from Analyse des Équations Déterminées, Vol. 1 L...)
In 1817 Jean became a member of the Academy of Sciences and served from 1822 as its perpetual secretary.