Background
Joseph LeConte, the fifth child and youngest son of Louis and Ann (Quarterman) LeConte, and brother of John, was born on the Woodmanston plantation in Liberty County, Georgia.
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I kpreparing this little work for the schools I have kept constantly in view two ends: 1. I have tried to make a book which shall interest the pupil, and at the same time convey real scientific knowledge. 2. I have tried, as far as possible, to awaken the faculty and cultivate the habit of observation, by directing the attention of the pupil to geological phenomena occurring and geological agencies at work now on every side, and in the most familiar things. By the former I hope to awaken a true scientific appetite; by the latter, to cultivate the habits necessary to satisfy that appetite. Joseph Le Oonte. Bbbkelbt, Califobnia, September, 1884. PREFACE TO THE REVISED EDITION. A lthottgh a work so elementary as this embodying only the most general principles of geology does not require so frequent revision as a more advanced work, yet geology is so rapidly advancing a science that even general statements must, from time to time, be modified. Especially is it necessary that new and better illustrative figures should be used. (Typographical errors above are due to OCR software and don't occur in the book.) About the Publisher Forgotten Books is a publisher of historical writings, such as: Philosophy, Classics, Science, Religion, History, Folklore and Mythology. Forgotten Books' Classic Reprint Series utilizes the latest technology to regenerate facsimiles of historically important writings. Careful attention has been made to accurately preserve the original format of each page whilst digitally enhancing the aged text. Read books online for free at www.forgottenbooks.org
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Joseph LeConte, the fifth child and youngest son of Louis and Ann (Quarterman) LeConte, and brother of John, was born on the Woodmanston plantation in Liberty County, Georgia.
His early schooling is said to have been scanty, but among his teachers was Alexander H. Stephens, subsequently prominent in national affairs. The boy's vacations and holidays were spent in hunting, fishing, and other sports for which the country afforded abundant facilities. In 1838 his father died and shortly afterward he entered Franklin College (later the University of Georgia) at Athens, Georgia, whence he was graduated in August 1841. Accompanied by a brother and sister, he toured the northern states, but returned to spend the winter on the Georgia plantation. In the fall of 1843 he entered upon the four months' winter course at the College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York. During the following season, in company with his cousin John Lawrence LeConte, he made an excursion into what was then the Far West, visiting the region of the headwaters of the Mississippi River by way of Niagara, Buffalo, Detroit, and the Great Lakes. Returning to New York in the fall, he resumed his medical studies and graduated in April 1845, having meanwhile made the acquaintance of Audubon, Spencer F. Baird, and Jacob Post Girard. He spent the next two years in local travel and the carefree life of a country gentleman.
In 1847 settled down for a time to the practice of medicine in Macon. Concluding, after some years, that he had not yet "found himself, " he went to Cambridge, Massachussets, in August 1850 and entered upon a course of study under Louis Agassiz which included six weeks' stay at Key West, Florida. In the following June at the suggestion of Agassiz, he presented a thesis and obtained the degree of S. B. from the newly established Lawrence Scientific School.
Returning to Georgia in October 1851, LeConte soon received a call to the professorship of all the sciences at Oglethorpe University, Midway, Georgia. Here he remained but a year, resigning to accept a like position in the University of Georgia at Athens, where he remained until 1856. During this period he published a number of papers, the most important being "On the Agency of the Gulf Stream in the Formation of the Peninsula of Florida" (Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science for 1856, vol. X, 1857), based upon his Florida experiences with Agassiz.
Administrative difficulties led him to resign his professorship at Athens, and he applied for and was elected in 1857 to the chair of geology in the College of South Carolina, Columbia, where his brother John was teaching. LeConte remained in the South during the Civil War, although the College ceased to function in the summer of 1862. It does not appear that he took a particularly active part in the struggle, although he served for a time as chemist of the Niter and Mining Bureau, in which capacity he explored a number of "niter" caves in the Gulf States and iron deposits at Shelbyville, Alabama.
With the close of hostilities, he resumed his college duties and also his outside connections, in 1866-1867 delivering a series of six lectures on coal and petroleum in the Peabody Institute of Baltimore. Conditions in the South were hard, at best, however, and accordingly, with the establishment of the University of California at Berkeley, he and his brother John both made successful application, in 1866, for positions on the teaching force there, and moved to California in 1869. Here, in an atmosphere that developed his full usefulness, he remained for the rest of his days, resigning from the teaching of undergraduates in 1896.
As a teacher and educator, LeConte was one of the most beloved and admired of men. Having a naturally joyous disposition, unusual talent, culture, and refinement, he possessed a rare faculty for friendship. His fecundity as a scientist is suggested by the following selection of titles (out of many) taken in the order of their appearance: "The Correlation of Physical, Chemical, and Vital Force, and the Conservation of Force in Vital Phenomena" (Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science for 1859, vol. XIII, 1860); "On the Law of Sexes, or the Production of the Sexes at Will" (Nashville Journal of Medicine and Surgery, October 1866); "On Some Phenomena of Binocular Vision" (American Journal of Science and Arts, 1869, 1871, 1875, 1877); "A Theory of the Formation of the Great Features of the Earth's Surface" (Ibid. , November, December 1872; June 1873); "On the Great Lava-Flood of the Northwest, and on the Structure and Age of the Cascade Mountains" (Ibid. , April 1874); "On the Evidences of Horizontal Crushing in the Formation of the Coast Range of California" (Ibid. , April 1876); "On Critical Periods in the History of the Earth and Their Relation to Evolution; and on the Quaternary as Such a Period" (Ibid. , August 1877), commonly considered as one of his best articles; "Some Thoughts on the Glycogenic Functions of the Liver" (Ibid. , February 1878); "The Genesis of Sex" (Popular Science Monthly, December 1879); "On the Genesis of Metalliferous Veins" (American Journal of Science, July 1883); Evolution and its Relation to Religious Thought (book, 1888); "Evolution and Human Progress" (The Open Court, April 23, 1891); "Theories of the Origin of Mountain Ranges" (Journal of Geology, September-October 1893), which must be read in connection with the paper by James Dwight Dana on a similar subject for its value to be estimated; "The Ozarkian and its Significance in Theoretical Geology" (Ibid. , September-October 1899); "The Larynx as an Instrument of Music" (Science, May 17, 1901), and lastly, "What is Life?" (Ibid. , June 21, 1901).
From his youth LeConte was an ardent lover of camping and all sorts of outdoor sports. The experiences thus gained stood him in good stead when the pursuit of science rather than hunting or fishing brought him into similar conditions of life. He traveled widely over the Western states, often under most primitive conditions, and saw, and thought, and wrote of what he saw, with tireless energy. Passionately fond of outdoor life, he died, as he would doubtless have wished, while on a trip with the Sierra Club into the Yosemite.
LeConte was noted for his exploration and preservation of the Sierra Nevada of California, United States. He published a series of papers on monocular and binocular vision, and also on psychology. His chief contributions, however, related to geology. He described the fissure-eruptions in western America, discoursed on earth-crust movements and their causes and on the great features of the Earth's surface.
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In January 1847 LeConte married Caroline Elizabeth Nisbet.
