The American political scientist Karl Wolfgang Deutsch was ranked among the foremost social scientists of the post-World War II era. Few, if any, other thinkers in this field attained his level of intellectual originality, professional importance, and peer-group recognition.
Background
He was born into a German-speaking family in Prague on July 21, 1912. His father Martin was an optician while his mother Maria (Scharf) was deeply involved in domestic and international political causes, eventually leading her to become one of Czechoslovakia's first woman parliamentarians.
Education
Young Deutsch graduated from the German Staatsrealgymnasium in Prague with high honors in 1931, whereupon he entered Prague's German university, completing his first degree there in 1934.
His continued studies at the same university were interrupted due to Deutsch's active opposition to the increasingly dominant Nazi presence which beset this university's faculty and student body by the mid-to-late 1930s. After a sojourn in England where Deutsch studied optics, he returned to Prague, gaining admissions to the Czech-national Charles University—a major distinction for a German-ethnic Czech—where he attained high honors in seven fields and received his doctorate in law in 1938.
In 1951 Deutsch completed his doctorate at Harvard, receiving the much-coveted Sumner Prize for his dissertation. Entitled "Nationalism and Social Communication, " it represented a path-breaking study both of the cohesive integrating and also of the destructive-alienating dimensions of modern nationalism and its political manifestations. Spell-binding in its theoretical ambition and empirical scope, Deutsch's dissertation also broke new methodological grounds by using sophisticated quantitative analyses to illustrate the relationship between politics and society. Deutsch's book with the same title published two years later has remained a classic in the literature of political science to this day.
Career
Deutsch and his wife Ruth (Slonitz) left their increasingly troubled and intolerant homeland for a new life in the United States.
Deutsch thus became an integral part of that unique migration of European intellectuals who sought refuge from Hitler's barbarism in the New World. Like most in this group, Deutsch experienced a permanent effect from this profound transformation which was to manifest itself both in his scholarly work and in his relentless engagement on behalf of a general improvement of the human condition. It was at this time that the cornerstone of his life-long credo became firmly entrenched: "My life's aim has been to study politics in order to help people overcome the four chief dangers of our time: large wars, hunger, poverty, and vast population growth. For this end, I have sought more knowledge for greater competence and more compassion. "
While enrolled at Harvard University in a doctoral program for political science as a recipient of a student-funded scholarship for refugees from Nazism, Deutsch never surrendered his immense talents to the sole pursuit of an academic career. Rather, he rendered his services to the United States government as an analyst of authoritarian political systems, in the course of which he became one of the main contributors to the famous "Blue Book" on Juan Peron's efforts to extinguish democracy in Argentina. Deutsch also participated in the International Secretariat of the San Francisco Conference of 1945 which was a direct precursor to the United Nations Organization.
Following his professorship at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology between 1952 and 1958, Deutsch accepted a teaching position at Yale University where, during the course of the 1960s, his influence and prestige reached the top of his profession. Here he published his seminal The Nerves of Government, which revolutionized the study of politics by introducing concepts derived from cybernetics for a more nuanced analysis of essential political mechanisms such as power, authority, governance, cohesion, conflict, guidance, and breakdown. It was mainly at Yale that Deutsch supervised the doctoral work of a large number of exceptional students, all of whom have since assumed prestigious posts at the world's leading universities where they continue to uphold his intellectual legacy.
Deutsch established the Yale Political Data Program, which is one of the most important organizations to develop quantitative indicators for testing significant theories and propositions in social science. In addition, his exceptional qualities as a teacher and educator were duly honored by the Yale Political Union, which awarded him the esteemed William Benton Prize for 1965 for having done most among the Yale faculty to stimulate and maintain political interest on campus. Deutsch left Yale University in 1967 for Harvard University where in 1971 he became the Stanfield Professor of International Peace, a post he held until 1983 when he was named an emeritus professor. He stayed at Harvard until 1985. After 1976 Deutsch was also invested with the directorship of the International Institute for Comparative Social Research of the Science Center in Berlin where he and his team of international scholars pioneered and refined the study of global modeling in political science.
Deutsch died of cancer in November 1992 at his home in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Views
Quotations:
“International Relations are too important to be left to the specialists. ”
Membership
Deutsch was a member of the National Academy of Science and of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He was a member of the board of World Society Foundation in Zürich, Switzerland from 1984 onwards. He was also elected President of the American Political Science Association in 1969, of the International Political Science Association in 1976, and of the Society for General Systems Research in 1983. From 1977 to 1987, he was Director of the Social Science Research Center Berlin (Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung, WZB) in Berlin.
Connections
Karl married his wife Ruth Slonitz in 1936. He has two daughters, Mary D. Edsall, a writer (wife of Thomas Edsall), and Margaret D. Carroll, an art historian, and three grandchildren, Alexandra Edsall, Sophia Carroll, and Samuel Carroll.