Laggards in Our Schools: A Study of Retardation and Elimination in City School Systems 1909
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The Automobile Industry And Its Future
Leonard Porter Ayres
The Cleveland trust company, 1921
Business & Economics; Industries; Automobile Industry; Automobile industry and trade; Business & Economics / Industries / Automobile Industry
Leonard Porter Ayres was an American statistician, educator and researcher. He also held the rank of Brigadier General in the United States Army.
Background
Leonard Porter Ayres was born on September 15, 1879 in Niantic, Connecticut, United States. He was the son of Milan Church Ayres and Georgiana (Gall) Ayres.
During Leonard's early childhood, the family moved to the Boston area.
Education
As to the early education, he received it in the public schools of Newton, Massachussets.
In 1902, Leonard graduated from the College of Liberal Arts of Boston University with the Ph. B. degree.
Returning to the United States in 1907 after his work in Puerto Rican school system, he attended Teachers' College of Columbia University briefly and then earned the M. A. (1909) and Ph. D. (1910) degrees from Boston University.
Career
Ayres began his career as a teacher in Puerto Rico. As a young man, his interests were divided among statistics, educational administration, and bicycling. A champion long-distance racer, he also gained attention as a bicycle dealer, advertising wheels to match the colors of dresses.
He rose rapidly in the Puerto Rican school system, becoming superintendent in Caguas in 1903 and in San Juan in 1904. Two years later, Ayres was named general superintendent of schools of the island and organized the Insular Bureau of Statistics.
In 1908, he joined the staff of the Russell Sage Foundation and began to earn a reputation as an innovator in the areas of research administration and the application of statistical methods to educational and social research. The Russell Sage Foundation was the first major philanthropic organization to undertake exhaustive research in social welfare and education. Ayres, as director of the departments of education and statistics, participated in numerous landmark studies in the development of applied social research in the twentieth century.
An early book, Laggards in Our Schools (1909), based on research on backward schoolchildren conducted by Ayres and Dr. Luther Halsey Gulick of the foundation was reprinted three times in the next four years. Ayres and Gulick argued that the most important causes of retardation were environmental. Ayres's later studies of intelligence tests and his recommendations of yardsticks for measuring the problems and progress of children in elementary schools also attracted wide attention. He applied to education the survey techniques developed by the foundation for the investigation of slum conditions in Pittsburgh and other cities. The school surveys made a double contribution: they enabled Ayres and his associates to test and promote new tools for testing ability in handwriting, spelling, arithmetic, and reading; and they created the ethics of contemporary management consultation in education, by establishing the principle that drafts of reports would be discussed with local officials and a strategy for implementation devised before publication.
Between 1917 and 1920, Ayres applied the techniques of social research to national defense, war, and peacemaking while holding important public positions. In April 1917, volunteering with eight members of his staff on behalf of the Russell Sage Foundation, Ayres organized the Division of Statistics of the Council of National Defense. Six months later, Ayres had acquired responsibility for statistical reporting and analysis for the War Industries Board, the Priorities Committee, and the Allies' Purchasing Committee. In addition, he provided services to the army, which had no statistical office until early 1918, when Ayres's work was put under military auspices and he was made a lieutenant colonel.
With a staff of fifty, he directed the Statistics Branch of the General Staff, preparing confidential reports for the military leadership and President Wilson, applying methods of research, analysis, and presentation that he had developed at the foundation. Later that year, he joined General Pershing in France with a statistical staff that had grown to 250 people. His statistical summary, The War with Germany (1919), brought him considerable public recognition. Following a brief period in the United States after the armistice, Ayres returned to France as chief statistical officer to the American Commission to Negotiate Peace.
In 1924, when he served as economic advisor to the Dawes Plan Commission to examine reparations issues, it was widely noted that he was the only member of that group who had also served with the commission to negotiate peace. On his return to the United States he was promoted to colonel and awarded a Distinguished Service Medal. After his return from Versailles in 1920, Ayres became vice-president and chief economist of the Cleveland Trust Company, in charge of statistics. He also edited a monthly economic review. The Cleveland offer, chosen in preference to several opportunities to teach and serve as an administrator in a university, was made by former Secretary of War Newton D. Baker and the bank president Frederick A. Goff, who, as leader of the Cleveland Foundation, the prototype of modern community trusts and foundations, had commissioned Ayres to conduct a school survey before the war.
During his Cleveland years, Ayres wrote prolifically, mostly on economic questions, and achieved a national reputation for his opinions and predictions. After making pessimistic analyses of the state of the economy in the late 1920's, for example, he was one of the few economists to insist that the 1929 stock market crash foreshadowed a major depression.
In the 1930s he argued in favor of public regulation of banking, minimized the influence of abandoning the gold standard on recovery, and criticized the National Recovery Act, urging instead legislation to stimulate business to price and profit competition. These ideas were developed in a widely read book, The Economics of Recovery (1933).
Ayres remained in Cleveland, writing and speaking to local and national audiences for the rest of his life, except for a return to active military service as a brigadier general from 1940 to 1942. He was chairman of the Economic Policy Commission of the American Bankers Association for two terms, 1932-1941 and 1944-1946, and also served as an officer of the American Statistical Association, the American Economic Association, and the American Association for the Advancement of Science.
Ayres's views reached a wide audience through the Business Bulletin of the Cleveland Trust Company, which the New York Times described as having a style unique for what may perhaps be described as "its penetrating simplicity" (Oct. 30, 1946). Particular attention was paid the Bulletin's year-end business review and forecast. Ayres's forecasts also appeared in such national periodicals as Banker's Magazine and World's Work.
He died of a heart attack while reading his morning newspaper in Cleveland, when he was sixty-seven, and was buried in the National Cemetery at Arlington.