Background
Leonor Michaelis was born on January 16, 1875, in Berlin, Germany. He was the son of Jewish parents, Moriz Michaelis, who operated a small business, and Hulda (Rosenbaum) Michaelis.
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(Excerpt from Dynamik der Oberflächen: Eine Einführung in ...)
Excerpt from Dynamik der Oberflächen: Eine Einführung in Biologische Oberflächen-Studien Diese Abhandlungen sind daher keine eigentlich biologi schen, aber von biologischen Gesichtspunkten geleitet und für Bio logen bestimmt. Die biologischen Probleme die durch derartige Untersuchungen gelöst werden sollen sind höchstens angedeutet. Sie sind ja den Interessenten gelüufig. Zum Beispiel handelt es sich da um die spezifischen Reaktionen der Fermente und Toxine im weitesten Sinne. Von diesen ist also hier so gut wie gar nicht die Rede. Ich hoffe aber, daß die hier entwickelten Anschauungen dazu beitragen werden das Studium biologischer Oberflächen reaktionen mit einer gewissen Grundlage anzutreten, die man bisher bei den Biologen noch nicht zu finden gewohnt ist. Und sollte sich da manches Unzutreffende eingeschlichen haben, so steht nichts im Wege, daß dies durch die allgemeine Diskussion verbessert und ergänzt wird, aber ein Versuch, die Theorie zu sammeln, muß gemacht werden, sonst verlieren die Tatsachen den Zusammenhang und schließlich jede innere Bedeutung. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
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(Excerpt from Praktikum der Physikalischen Chemie, Insbeso...)
Excerpt from Praktikum der Physikalischen Chemie, Insbesondere der Kolloidchemie: Für Mediziner und Biologen Das Interesse am Studium der physikalischen Chemie und der Kolloidchemie ist bei den Biologen und Medizinem in stän digem Wachsen begriffen. Ich glaube daher den Wünschen mancher Kreise entgegenzukommen, wenn ich diese kleine Samm lung von Übungsaufgaben zur experimentellen Einführung in das Fach herausgebe. Ich sehe gleichzeitig hierin zurzeit die einzige Moglichkeit um den mir kürzlich erteilten Lehrauftrag für dieses Fach nach der praktischen Seite zu erfüllen. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
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(Excerpt from Die Bindungsgesetze von Toxin und Antitoxin ...)
Excerpt from Die Bindungsgesetze von Toxin und Antitoxin Nun hatte aber Stillmark eine Wirkung des Ricins ge funden, welche sich im Reagenzglas unter Ausschluss des lebenden Organismus zeigen liess. Das Ricin wirkt nämlich auf die roten Blutkörperchen agglutinierend. D. H. Während in einer Auf schwemmung von Blutkörperchen in physiologischer Kochsalz lösung sonst die Blutkörperchen sich ruhig absetzen und auf den Boden der an sich farblosen Flüssigkeit senken, verklumpen sie unter der Wirkung des Ricins zu festen Hallen, welche auch beim Aufschütteln sich nicht wieder emulgieren lassen. Die giftige Wirkung des Ricins im Organismus beruht übrigens nicht auf dieser agglutinierenden Eigenschaft, da die Agglutination im Organismus selbst nicht eint1itt. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
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Dieser Buchtitel ist Teil des Digitalisierungsprojekts Springer Book Archives mit Publikationen, die seit den Anfängen des Verlags von 1842 erschienen sind. Der Verlag stellt mit diesem Archiv Quellen für die historische wie auch die disziplingeschichtliche Forschung zur Verfügung, die jeweils im historischen Kontext betrachtet werden müssen. Dieser Titel erschien in der Zeit vor 1945 und wird daher in seiner zeittypischen politisch-ideologischen Ausrichtung vom Verlag nicht beworben.
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(Excerpt from Die Wasserstoffionenkonzentration: Ihre Bede...)
Excerpt from Die Wasserstoffionenkonzentration: Ihre Bedeutung für die Biologie und die Methoden Ihrer Messung Das Meßinstrument (kapillarelektrometer) Der Stromschlünel, der Umschalter und die Leitungs drähte. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
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(Excerpt from Einführung in die Farbstoffchemie für Histol...)
Excerpt from Einführung in die Farbstoffchemie für Histologen Das vorliegende Büchlein zerfallt in zwei Abschnitte, die reine und die auf die Histologie angewandte Farbstoffchemie. Der erste Teil soll kein eigentliches Lehrbuch der Farbstoff chemie sein. Ein solches zu schreiben, fühlte ich mich nicht berufen. Es soll nur eine Einführung in die Chemie der organischen Farb stoffe sein und damit einem fühlbaren Mangel abhelfen. Für den Histologen besteht die Schwierigkeit, dass in den allgemeinen Lehr büchern der Chemie zu wenig Rücksicht auf die Farbstoffchemie genommen wird, und dass die eigentlichen Lehrbücher der Farbstoff chemie zu viel Chemie voraussetzen. Diese Lücke soll der erste Teil ausfüllen. Man erwarte daher nicht eine auch nur annähernd voll ständige Aufzählung aller der Farbstoffe, welche jemals in der Histologie angewandt worden sind, sondern nur eine Darstellung von Typen der einzelnen Klassen. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
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Leonor Michaelis was born on January 16, 1875, in Berlin, Germany. He was the son of Jewish parents, Moriz Michaelis, who operated a small business, and Hulda (Rosenbaum) Michaelis.
Michaelis attended the Koellnisches Gymnasium, which offered chiefly a liberal arts curriculum, but was allowed to study physics and chemistry in addition to the regular courses. Deciding to become a scientist, he chose medicine as the best approach and in 1893 entered the University of Berlin. There, Michaelis studied organic chemistry under Emil Fischer and embryology and histology under Oskar Hertwig and spent his free time in embryological research under Hertwig. He wrote his doctoral thesis on the direction of the first cleavage in the frog's egg and published his first paper (1896) on the cytology of the fertilization of the ovum in Triton.
After receiving the M. D. degree in 1896, Michaelis studied for a year at the University of Freiburg and there passed the examination that admitted him to medical practice. He next resumed work with Hertwig and then spent a year as research assistant to the biochemist Paul Ehrlich; in studying the staining properties of various new dyes, Michaelis discovered the usefulness of Janus green in the specific staining of cellular mitochondria. He received an honorary LL. D. from the University of California at Los Angeles in 1945.
Since Michaelis did not possess the independent means thought necessary for a career in research, on Ehrlich's advice he turned to clinical medicine and became an assistant (1900 - 1904) in a municipal hospital in Berlin. In 1904 he was appointed a research assistant in a newly established institute for cancer research, where he demonstrated that different strains of mice differed in their susceptibility to Jensen's mouse carcinoma. In 1903 Michaelis was appointed privatdocent and in 1905 professor at the University of Berlin, but since neither post included a salary or laboratory facilities, in 1905 he accepted the newly created post of bacteriologist at the Berlin City Hospital, where he remained until 1922. These years were very productive. With the chemist Peter Rona, Michaelis constructed a private laboratory in the hospital. It was small and poorly equipped, but in spite of the press of routine duties and the opposition of the city administration, Michaelis was able to carry out basic research that brought an influx of postdoctoral students of biochemistry and biophysics. The papers published during these years dealt with such subjects as the measurement and regulation of hydrogen ion concentration, the theory of ampholytes, the techniques of electrophoresis, the effects of pH on enzymes and proteins, and the nature and rate of enzyme reactions. This work led him to the concept of an "affinity constant, " a measure of the affinity of an enzyme for the substance on which it acts. The existence of such a factor was not fully confirmed for many years, but the "Michaelis constant, " as it has become known, has since been computed for a large number of systems.
Although Michaelis' work gained him an international reputation, he never received a good academic post in Germany, probably for reasons of anti-Semitism. After serving in army hospitals during World War I, he returned to the Berlin City Hospital. In 1921 he was given the title of professor of physical chemistry, but since the post, like the earlier ones, did not include a salary or laboratory facilities, he worked for a time with an industrial firm, which, in return for advice on making laboratory equipment, provided a salary and laboratory space for him and his students. In 1922 Michaelis accepted an invitation to go to Japan as professor of biochemistry at the medical school in Nagoya, the first European to be offered such a post. During his three years in Japan he did research on pH and on the permeability of biological membranes. He had long been in correspondence with Jacques Loeb of the Rockefeller Institute in New York City, and in the summer of 1924, at Loeb's invitation, Michaelis made a lecture tour in the United States. The tour led to his appointment as resident lecturer at the Johns Hopkins University (1926 - 1929), where he continued his research on membrane permeability. In 1929 he became a member of the Rockefeller Institute, where he remained until his retirement in 1940. At the institute, Michaelis worked chiefly on the reactions involved in the oxidation and reduction of organic substances. He was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1943. After his retirement he was allowed to retain his laboratory at the Rockefeller Institute, and he continued to work at his research until shortly before his death. He also gave a series of summer lectures in physiology at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, Massachusets. He died on October 8, 1949, of a heart ailment in the Rockefeller Hospital at the age of seventy-four and was buried at Union Fields Cemetery of Hodeph Sholom in Brooklyn, New York.
Michaelis is known as the first Biochemist, known for the Michaelis-Menten Constant Equation in 1913. Biochemistry and medicine owe much to Michaelis for his research both in enzyme action, which describes the mechanisms of life processes, and in oxidation, which describes the source of energy for organisms like man.
(Excerpt from Praktikum der Physikalischen Chemie, Insbeso...)
(Excerpt from Dynamik der Oberflächen: Eine Einführung in ...)
(Excerpt from Die Wasserstoffionenkonzentration: Ihre Bede...)
(Excerpt from Die Bindungsgesetze von Toxin und Antitoxin ...)
(Excerpt from Einführung in die Farbstoffchemie für Histol...)
(Dieser Buchtitel ist Teil des Digitalisierungsprojekts Sp...)
( This work has been selected by scholars as being cultur...)
( This work has been selected by scholars as being cultur...)
Michaelis's experience led him to write a short textbook (1898) on embryology for medical students, which eventually went through seven editions and established a pattern for a series of textbooks published in the course of the next three decades. Each reflected a new stage in the development of his own research interests and illustrated his superb ability to select the material most useful to a particular group of readers. The subjects included the chemistry of dyes, toxin-antitoxin reactions, mathematics for biologists and chemists, hydrogen ion concentration and oxidation-reduction potentials, the dynamics of surfaces, the techniques of physical and colloid chemistry, and permeability and electric phenomena in membranes.
He proposed the theory that such reactions take place in two stages, with the temporary participation of free radicals (semiquinones) in equilibrium with their parent substances in aqueous solution. This concept was strongly opposed by most chemists, and his first paper on the subject was rejected by American journals. He obtained experimental proof in 1938, and the hypothesis thereafter was generally accepted. Michaelis became a naturalized citizen.
a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, a member of the National Academy of Sciences
Michaelis's interests went far beyond the bounds of science. Linguistics was a major hobby, and during his stay in Japan he learned to speak the language and also studied Chinese. Music was a lifelong avocation; a talented pianist, he was known for his ability to improvise in the style of various classical composers.
Michaelis married Hedwig Philipsthal on April 12, 1905; their children were Ilse and Eva.
August 10, 1845 – May 31, 1907 Was a German physician who was a native of Berlin.
20 April 1832 – 5 October 1910 Was a German internist from Danzig.
