The Animal Mind: A Text-Book of Comparative Psychology - Primary Source Edition
(This is a reproduction of a book published before 1923. T...)
This is a reproduction of a book published before 1923. This book may have occasional imperfections such as missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. that were either part of the original artifact, or were introduced by the scanning process. We believe this work is culturally important, and despite the imperfections, have elected to bring it back into print as part of our continuing commitment to the preservation of printed works worldwide. We appreciate your understanding of the imperfections in the preservation process, and hope you enjoy this valuable book.
The Animal Behavior Series:, the Animal Mind, a Text-Book of Comparative Psychology, Vol. 2 (Classic Reprint)
(The Animal Mind as Deduced from Experimental Evidence. Fo...)
The Animal Mind as Deduced from Experimental Evidence. For the facts set forth in the following pages are very largely the results of the experimental method in comparative psychology. Thus many aspects of the animal mind, to the investigation of which experiment either has not yet been applied or is perhaps not adapted, are left wholly unconsidered. This limitation of the scope of the book is a consequence of its aim to supply what I have felt to be a chief need of comparative psychology at the present time. Although the science is still in its formative stage, the mass of experimental material that has been accumulating from the researches of physiologists and psychologists is already great, and is also for the most part inaccessible to the ordinary student, being widely scattered and to a considerable extent published in journals which the average college library does not contain. While we have books on animal instincts and on the interpretation of animal behavior, we have no book which adequately presents the simple facts. Probably no bibliography seems to one who carefully examines it entirely consistent in what it includes and what it excludes. Certainly the one upon which this book is based contains inconsistencies. The design has been to exclude works bearing only upon general physiology, upon the morphology of the nervous system and sense organs, or upon the nature of animal instinct as such, and to include those which bear upon the topics mentioned in the chapter headings.
(Typographical errors above are due to OCR software and don't occur in the book.)
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The Animal Mind: A Textbook Of Comparative Psychology (1908)
(This scarce antiquarian book is a facsimile reprint of th...)
This scarce antiquarian book is a facsimile reprint of the original. Due to its age, it may contain imperfections such as marks, notations, marginalia and flawed pages. Because we believe this work is culturally important, we have made it available as part of our commitment for protecting, preserving, and promoting the world's literature in affordable, high quality, modern editions that are true to the original work.
Movement and Mental Imagery: Outlines of a Motor Theory of the Complexer Mental Processes (Classic Reprint)
(Excerpt from Movement and Mental Imagery: Outlines of a M...)
Excerpt from Movement and Mental Imagery: Outlines of a Motor Theory of the Complexer Mental Processes
Although the problems considered in this essay are of a tech nical rather than a popular character, I have tried so to present them that a reader without psychological training could follow the discussion. No topic dealt with in the book is treated in anything like an exhaustive manner. It is only fair to say, however, that if all the reading which was done in direct con nection with its composition were represented in the list of references at the end, that list would be three times as long as it is. I have not aimed at a thorough presentation of the litera ture of my subject, but simply at an outline development of my own views. The psychological reader will miss references to Kostylefls Le mécanisme cérébral de la pensée (paris, The omission is intentional. The book did not appear until the framework of my theory had been erected. I have f elt that any adequate discussion of the theories of others would occupy space which might better be given to the consideration of the bearing of facts on my own views.
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The Animal Mind; a Text-book of Comparative Psychology
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This work has been selected by scholars as being cultur...)
This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.
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The animal mind: a text-book of comparative psychology
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Movement and mental imagery; outlines of a motor theory of the complexer mental processes
(This book was originally published prior to 1923, and rep...)
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Movement and Mental Imagery: Outlines of a Motor Theory of the Complexer Mental Processes - Scholar's Choice Edition
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This work has been selected by scholars as being cultur...)
This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.
This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.
As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
The Animal Mind: A Text-Book of Comparative Psychology (Classic Reprint)
(Excerpt from The Animal Mind: A Text-Book of Comparative ...)
Excerpt from The Animal Mind: A Text-Book of Comparative Psychology
The title of this book might more appropriately, if not more concisely, have been "The Animal Mind as Deduced from Experimental Evidence." For the facts set forth in the following pages are very largely the results of the experimental method in comparative psychology. Thus many aspects of the animal mind, to the investigation of which experiment either has not yet been applied or is perhaps not adapted, are left wholly unconsidered. This limitation of the scope of the book is a consequence of its aim to supply what I have felt to be a chief need of comparative psychology at the present time. Although the science is still in its formative stage, the mass of experimental material that has been accumulating from the researches of physiologists and psychologists is already great, and is also for the most part inaccessible to the ordinary student, being widely scattered and to a considerable extent published in journals which the average college library does not contain. While we have books on animal instincts and on the interpretation of animal behavior, we have no book which adequately presents the simple facts.
Probably no bibliography seems to one who carefully examines it entirely consistent in what it includes and what it excludes. Certainly the one upon which this book is based contains inconsistencies. The design has been to exclude works bearing only upon general physiology, upon the morphology of the nervous system and sense organs, or upon the nature of animal instinct as such, and to include those which bear upon the topics mentioned in the chapter headings.
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Ethics: An Investigation of the Facts and Laws of the Moral Life
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This work has been selected by scholars as being cultur...)
This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.
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The Animal Mind: A Text-Book of Comparative Psychology Animal Mind, a of Mf Psychology, Vol. 2 (Classic Reprint)
(The Animal Mind: AT ext-B ook of Comparative Psychology A...)
The Animal Mind: AT ext-B ook of Comparative Psychology Animal Mind, a of Mf Psychology was written by Margaret Floy Washburn in 1908. This is a 349 page book, containing 107244 words and 10 pictures. Search Inside is enabled for this title.
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Margaret Floy Washburn was a leading American psychologist in the early 20th century.
Background
Margaret Floy Washburn was born in New York City, the only child of Francis and Elizabeth Floy (Davis) Washburn. On her mother's side she was descended from Michael Floy, who came from England about 1800 and prospered in New York as a florist and nurseryman, leaving property which eventually facilitated the education of his great-granddaughter. Her father, of English Quaker stock, was a business man and later an Episcopal clergyman, serving parishes in the Hudson Valley. Other ancestry could be traced back to Wales and Scotland, Holland and Belgium. Her father she described as a man of intellectual tastes and uncertain temper, her mother as a gifted woman of strong, sweet, and well-balanced disposition. She always remained intensely loyal to her parents, and they took great pride in her successful career.
Education
Margaret learned to read at home, and with only a few years of formal schooling she entered high school at twelve and Vassar College at sixteen. As a child she read voraciously and tried her hand at story writing, though without manifesting any notable literary promise. In college her interests turned to science, especially chemistry and biology, and to philosophy. After graduating in 1891, she asked herself how she could combine these two dominant interests in a productive lifework, and it seemed to her that the newly emerging experimental psychology afforded the desired opportunity. At that time women were not generally admitted as graduate students in the universities, but James McKeen Cattell gladly received her as a "hearer" in his new Columbia laboratory and passed her along the following year to Edward Bradford Titchener in the new psychology laboratory at Cornell, where she could be a regular graduate student and where she received her Ph. D. in 1894. These two young but eminent experimentalists were her masters in psychology, and she in turn was their first eminent pupil. She was also much influenced by the writings of William James.
Career
During her student years at Cornell, during the six following years (1894 - 1900) as teacher of psychology and philosophy at the neighboring Wells College for women, and then during two years (1900 - 02) as warden of Sage College for women at Cornell, Washburn maintained active contact with the Cornell group of philosophers; and throughout her career, though she wrote little on philosophy, she worked intensively on psychological theory as well as in the experimental laboratory. She found the experimental research more rewarding, but she felt a continuing urge and obligation to develop a comprehensive theory of the place of mental life in the world of nature. After a year (1902 - 03) in full charge of psychology at the University of Cincinnati, she was delighted to return to Vassar to head its work in psychology. Promoted to professor in 1908, she remained at Vassar till her retirement in 1937. Professor Washburn soon made Vassar one of the most active psychological centers in America. She attracted many students, and a good number of them went out to psychological careers all over the country. She did not attempt to develop graduate work at Vassar, believing that coeducational universities were much better for such study, but she introduced her students who were majoring in psychology to experimental research by a unique system of collaboration between student and professor in problems of feasibly limited scope. By this means, while a busy teacher, she was able to accomplish a large amount of research, some of it quite important. She mastered the fine art of preparing and delivering lectures that were both scholarly and of absorbing interest to large classes. Her lectures on social psychology (another pioneer venture) were especially popular. Among other honors and responsibilities, she became a prominent member of the American Psychological Association and its president in 1921, a member of the National Research Council for several years, and from 1931 on a member of the National Academy of Sciences - one of the few women to be so honored. A major scientific contribution was her book The Animal Mind, a pioneer compilation, analysis, and interpretation of a vast amount of scattered experimental work on animal behavior and mentality. Being drawn to this field, as she once wrote, by "an almost morbidly intense love of animals, " she naturally could not believe that they were unconscious automata, though she admitted that our knowledge of their patterns of experience was necessarily inferential rather than direct. When the behaviorists a few years later argued that only the behavior and not the conscious experience of animals, or even of men, was a fit subject for investigation, she refused to go along with them, insisting that phenomena such as feelings, colors, tones, and odors, which certainly existed in the universe, should not be excluded from the scope of science. Her second major contribution was a motor theory of all mental functions, as presented in detail in her book of 1916, Movement and Mental Imagery, and more readably in her article "A System of Motor Psychology, " published in Carl Murchison's Psychologies of 1930 (1930). Seeking a mechanistic theory that would align psychology with the physical sciences, she contended that everything perceived or imagined aroused some characteristic incipient bodily movement or muscular action, if only of the small muscles of the fingers or speech organs. Learning, she reasoned, consisted in the association of movements into regular series and simultaneous combinations. Thus, by a combination of motor factors, the purposiveness of behavior is explained. This theory was further developed by Clark Hull in the 1930's and 1940's and won considerable acceptance. Washburn extended the motor theory to cover the association of ideas, creative thinking, emotion, and some forms of maladjustment. In excellent health most of her life, she died in Poughkeepsie following a cerebral hemorrhage and a subsequent slow decline. Her ashes were buried in a family plot in the rural cemetery at White Plains, N. Y.
Achievements
She was best known for her experimental work in animal behavior and motor theory development. She was the first woman to be granted a PhD in psychology (1894), and the second woman, after Mary Whiton Calkins, to serve as an APA President (1921).
An attractive woman, rather tall and slender, dark-haired, well-groomed, lithe in movement and fluent in speech, Washburn had a vivid personality which, as President Henry Noble MacCracken of Vassar has observed, combined a detached, objective devotion to experimental science with a passionate joy of living. She had a keen sense of humor and a cheerful and even buoyant disposition, though she was not blind to human frailties.
Connections
She had an active interest in poetry and other literature, in landscape painting, in music, in dancing, and even in amateur acting.
