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Jewish rights at the congresses of Vienna (1814-1815) and Aix-la-Chapelle (1818)
(This book was digitized and reprinted from the collection...)
This book was digitized and reprinted from the collections of the University of California Libraries. It was produced from digital images created through the libraries’ mass digitization efforts. The digital images were cleaned and prepared for printing through automated processes. Despite the cleaning process, occasional flaws may still be present that were part of the original work itself, or introduced during digitization. This book and hundreds of thousands of others can be found online in the HathiTrust Digital Library at www.hathitrust.org.
The Injustice of a Literacy Test for Immigrants (Classic Reprint)
(Excerpt from The Injustice of a Literacy Test for Immigra...)
Excerpt from The Injustice of a Literacy Test for Immigrants
Based on my extended practical experience in charge of the para mount immigration station, I state that With the present number of inspection aisles and of available registry clerks, an introduction of the Lodge bill would much more than double the time for examination, and thereby double the hardships of steerage passengers. Its practical effect would, therefore, in my opinion, come dangerously near to an annihila tion of immigration from nations of higher grade.
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Judah P. Benjamin: Statesman and Jurist (Classic Reprint)
(Excerpt from Judah P. Benjamin: Statesman and Jurist
Co...)
Excerpt from Judah P. Benjamin: Statesman and Jurist
Concerning his position as a lawyer, it will suffice to say that he was regarded as the ablest lawyer of the South already in 1852, when he was elected to the U. S. Senate, that he was offered the attorney-general-ship of the United States by one President and the nomination to a seat on the Supreme Court bench by another, and had become one of the recognized leaders of the American bar ten years before he began life anew at the bottom of the ladder at the English bar in 1866, from which he retired in 1882, as its acknowledged leader, in the possession of an income of over per year, and the author of one of the ablest law treatises of our English juris prudence. The late J. L. M. Curry, one of his most scholarly associates at the helm of the Confederacy, writing in says of him: In the Supreme Court of the United States he could fitly be compared with Wirt, Pinkney, Carter and Choate and a learned Scotch Judge (lord Shand) told me some years ago in Seville that he stood at the head of the English bar.
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Jewish Disabilities in the Balkan States: American Contributions Toward
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Max James Kohler was an American lawyer, publicist, and author. The great avocation of his life was American Jewish history.
Background
Max James Kohler was born on May 22, 1871 in Detroit, Michigan, United States. He was the son of the Reverend Kaufmann Kohler and Johanna (Einhorn) Kohler. Both his father and his maternal grandfather, David Einhorn, were eminent rabbis. The family removed to Chicago and then to New York.
Education
After his graduation from the College of the City of New York in 1890, Kohler entered Columbia College, where he obtained the degree of Master of Arts in 1891 and that of Bachelor of Laws in 1893, and was also awarded the prize in constitutional law.
Career
Kohler was admitted to the New York bar in 1893 and became an assistant United States district attorney (1894 - 98). His abilities attracted the attention of both bench and bar, and on his retirement from public office, he was frequently retained not only by the government but by law firms, in important cases, particularly in the appellate courts. His official position had brought him into contact with many immigration cases, at first under the Chinese Exclusion Act, and later under acts involving other nationalities as well. He noted the hardships to which immigrants and aliens were exposed, and after retiring from public office he appeared in many such cases, irrespective of race or creed, at the instance of charitable organizations and patriotic societies. He frequently carried such cases to the United States Supreme Court and created important precedents.
For years before his death he was considered an authority on immigration law, and his advice on the subject was sought by legislators and congressional committees. Some of his leading cases were fought on behalf of Armenians, Hindus, and Chinese.
Besides many elaborate briefs, he also wrote numerous articles on the subject, several of which were collected and posthumously published under the title Immigration and Aliens in the United States (1936).
For many years he served on the committees of legislation of the Association of the Bar of the City of New York, and of the New York County Lawyers' Association, and drafted most of the reports on constitutional measures. Through his antecedents and by his own inclination, he took an active part on behalf of his coreligionists.
After the First World War, and during the sessions of the Peace Conference in 1919, Kohler was in constant contact with Oscar S. Straus, Louis Marshall, and Cyrus Adler in their efforts to secure protection of minorities in the various nationalities. While the war was still on, and probably anticipating that the question of Jewish rights would eventually come before the peace convention, he wrote three pertinent articles: Jewish Disabilities in the Balkan States (1916); "Jewish Rights at International Congresses" (The American Jewish Year Book, 1917-18); and Jewish Rights at the Congresses of Vienna (1814 - 1815) and Aix-la-Chapelle (1818) (1918). When the Jewish tragedy developed in Nazi Germany, Kohler was deeply affected and wrote an essay, The United States and German Jewish Persecutions: Precedents for Popular and Governmental Action (1933), which reviewed the various instances in which the United States had used its influence on behalf of persecuted minorities in Europe. It was incorporated in abstract form in the Congressional Record .
He edited The Settlement of the Jews in North America (1893), by Charles P. Daly, and Luigi Luzzatti's God in Freedom (1930), to which he added two supplemental chapters.
Achievements
Kohler served as trustee and honorary secretary of the Baron de Hirsch Fund and was also among the foremost members of the American Jewish Committee.
He was one of the founders of the American Jewish Historical Society. He also contributed articles to the Jewish Encylopedia and the Encyclopedia Americana.
(Excerpt from Judah P. Benjamin: Statesman and Jurist
Co...)
Views
It was his conviction that the United States was intended by the founders to be a haven of refuge for the oppressed of all countries, and during the greater part of his career he never accepted remuneration in immigration cases.
Connections
Kohler married Winifred Lichtenauer on November 6, 1906. They had no children, and their happy married life ended with her death in 1922.