Background
Schultze was born on March 25, 1825 in Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany. He came from a class of scholars and civil servants.
(This is a reproduction of a book published before 1923. T...)
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( This is a reproduction of a book published before 1923....)
This is a reproduction of a book published before 1923. This book may have occasional imperfections such as missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. that were either part of the original artifact, or were introduced by the scanning process. We believe this work is culturally important, and despite the imperfections, have elected to bring it back into print as part of our continuing commitment to the preservation of printed works worldwide. We appreciate your understanding of the imperfections in the preservation process, and hope you enjoy this valuable book. ++++ The below data was compiled from various identification fields in the bibliographic record of this title. This data is provided as an additional tool in helping to ensure edition identification: ++++ Ueber Den Gelben Fleck Der Retina, Seinen Einfluss Auf Normales Sehen Und Auf Farbenblindheit: Vortrag Gehalten In Der Sitzung Der Medicinischen Section Der Niederrheinischen Gesellschaft Für Natur Und Heilkunde Zu Bonn Am 9. Mai 1866 Max Johann Sigismund Schultze Max Cohen, 1866
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(This is a reproduction of a book published before 1923. T...)
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(Excerpt from Die Hyalonemen: Ein Beitrag zur Naturgeschic...)
Excerpt from Die Hyalonemen: Ein Beitrag zur Naturgeschichte der Spongien Auf die erste der Monograph of the british fossil corals entlehnte Notiz antwortete Gray sogleich in den Annals and Magazine of natur. History 1850. Vol; VI. P. 306, und suchte die Polypennatur der in Rede stehenden Gebilde zu vertheidigen, indem er darauf aufmerk sam machte, dass es doch schwer denkbar sei, dass auf dem Kieselskelett sich immer der selbe Polyp parasitisch fest-setzen sollte, wie er in der That auf allen Exemplaren gefunden werde; auch sei ein so inniger Zusammenhang der lederartigen Hülle und der Masse, welche die einzelnen Fäden unter sich verklebe, dass ihm die Zusammengehörigkeit des Axen stranges und der Rinde unzweifelhaft scheine. Ausserdem fände sich eine gewisse Achu lichkeit im feineren Baue der Kieselfaden mit dem Axenskelett der Gorgonien Jeder der ersteren sei nämlich fein concentrisch geschichtet, wie dies der Axenstrang der Gorgonien im Ganzen sei, so dass er keine Schwierigkeit iande, Hyalonema in die Nähe der Gor gouien zu stellen. Später? Gab ihnen Gray eine Stelle im System der Polypen mit ge fiederten Tentakeln (alcyonaria), als besondere Ordnung unter dem Namen Spongicolae, um anzudeuten dass sie ihre Wurzel in einer Spongie haben, gegenüber den Sabuli colac, d.h. Den in loseth Sande wurzelnden Pennatuliden und den Rupicolas, welche wie die Gorgonien und Edelcorallen auf hartem Felsboden festwachsen. Man sieht daraus, dass Gray seiner eigenthümlichen Ansicht, dass Spongie und Polyp mit Kieselfadenaxe, trotzdem sie in ganz verschiedene Klassen der belebten Wesen gehören, ein zusammen gehörendes Ganze bilden sollen, bis in die neueste Zeit treu geblieben. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
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(This is a reproduction of a book published before 1923. T...)
This is a reproduction of a book published before 1923. This book may have occasional imperfections such as missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. that were either part of the original artifact, or were introduced by the scanning process. We believe this work is culturally important, and despite the imperfections, have elected to bring it back into print as part of our continuing commitment to the preservation of printed works worldwide. We appreciate your understanding of the imperfections in the preservation process, and hope you enjoy this valuable book. ++++ The below data was compiled from various identification fields in the bibliographic record of this title. This data is provided as an additional tool in helping to ensure edition identification: ++++ De Arteriarum Notione, Structura, Constitutione Chemica Et Vita: Disquisitio Critica, Experimentis Fulta, Praemio Ornata Max Johann Sigismund Schultze Koch, 1850
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Schultze was born on March 25, 1825 in Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany. He came from a class of scholars and civil servants.
After early education at home, where his interests in natural history, music and drawing were nurtured and encouraged, Schultze attended the Gymnasium at Greifswald, and studied there from 1835 to 1845.
In the summer of 1845 he entered the University of Greifswald as a medical student.
With a dissertation on the structure, function, and chemical composition of the arteries, Schultze graduated M. D. from Greifswald on 16 August 1849.
In 1859 he became professor of anatomy and director of the anatomical institute at Bonn, where he remained despite offers from the universities of Strasbourg and Leipzig.
His achievement won him an honorary Ph. D. from the University of Rostock in 1852 and the Blumenbach Traveling Scholarship from the University of Berlin in 1853.
Schultze used this scholarship to go to Italy, where he studied marine zoology on the shores of the Adriatic Sea.
Schultze played a leading role in the movement to reform the cell theory as originally set forth by Schleiden and Schwann.
He received all of his formal training in Greifswald , except for the winter semester of 1846-1847, when he went to the University o Berlin.
There he heard Johannes Müller lecture on anatomy and physiology and Ernst Brücke on the theory and use of the microscope.
After another winter in Berlin, where he passed the state medical examination, Schultze returned to Greifswald as prosector in anatomy to his father.
Like Dujardin before him, he focused on the semifluid substance within the calcareous shells on the foraminifera.
In a monograph of 1854 he described the results of this work and proposed the creation of a new class of shelled rhizopods, the Monothalamia, which lacked the internal partitions of Ehrenberg’s Polythalamia.
The monograph earned him Ehrenberg’s lasting enmity.
In 1858 Schultze drew attention to the remarkable similarity between cyclosis in lower plants (notably the marine diatoms) and the streaming of granules in the pseudopodia of foraminifera and other lower animals.
By 1860 his studies of protozoa had led him to a generalization that implied a redefinition of the cell: “The less perfectly the surface of the protoplasm is hardened to a membrane, the nearer to the primitive membraneless condition does the cell find itself, a condition in which it exhibits only a small lump of protoplasm with nucleus. ” This definition of the cell as “ein nacktes Protoplasmaklumpchen mit Kern” became famous chiefly through Schultze’s paper “Ueber Muskelkörperchen und das was man eine zelle zu nennen habe” (1861).
At the time, controversy surrounded these “muscle corpuscles” - small, granular, spindlelike, nucleated masses of protoplasm found among the contractile fibers of striated muscle.
Some histologists took these bodies to be complete cells while others supposed they were merely isolated nuclei.
Schultze claimed that the argument stemmed mainly from disagreement over the definition of a cell.
If histologists would only abandon the old “botanical” conception of the cell as a “bladderlike structure with membrane, contents, and nucleus, ” if they would recognize instead that a cell need not have a chemically distinct membrane, then they might agree with Schultze that the muscle corpuscles were wall-less cells that had fused to form a colonial muscle fiber.
But Schultze’s redefinition of the cell and his emphasis on the cell substance won widespread support, despite the opposition of Remak and Reichert. Even before Schultze entered the arena, Alexander Braun, Ferdinand Cohn, and Franz Leydig, among others, had sought to establish an identity between plant and animal cell substances and to insist that a cell need not have a distinct membrane.
Schultze himself admitted that he intended only “to dress in words that which many have long perceived, though perhaps less definitely. ”
The fact that his work nonetheless attracted so much attention can be ascribed to two factors: (1) unlike his predecessors, Schultze gave prominent attention to a tissue (muscle) characteristic of higher, differentiated animals; (2) he also campaigned for the adoption of a single word - protoplasm - to refer to the cell substance of both plants and animals.
Following Dujardin, zoologists had generally used the name “sarcode” for the contractile contents of animal cells.
Schultze urged them to adopt instead the name used by botanists for the plant cell substance and thereby to acknowledge “the complete correspondence that exists between plant and animal cells in all essential respects. ”
This seemingly trivial suggestion helped to crystallize thinking about the substance of life, and the 1860’s became “a heyday for speculation upon the nature of protoplasm and for the celebration of its amazing properties. ”
Gradually, as it became clear that protoplasm was not a unitary chemical substances, but a dynamic emulsion of several substance, and as the quest for a substance of life focused increasingly on the nucleus, protoplasm lost much of its allure.
Moreover, the detection of the plasma membrane - notably through Overton’s plasmolytic studies of the 1890’s - qualified Schultze’s claim that a cell required no limiting boundary.
Nonetheless, Schultze’s critique of the original cell theory - and especially of the place of the cell wall in that theory -
retained much of its cogency. Apart from his role in the reform of the cell theory, Schultze did his most important work on the sense organs, particularly the retina, which was the subject of his inaugural lecture at Bonn in 1859.
In a monograph of 1867 Schultze sought especially to elucidate the physiological role of the rods and cones.
Emphasizing that the rods predominated in nocturnal animals (including the bat, the cat, and the owl), he suggested that these structures were better adapted than the cones for the simple perception of light.
In 1864 he described prickles in the stratified squamous epithelium of mammalian tongue and skin, but without recognizing them as plasmodesmata.
In 1865 he gave a clear description of the blood platelets.
His studies of bioluminescence and of the electric organs of fishes also attracted considerable attention. Schultze founded in 1865 and edited until his death the Archiv für mikroskopische Anatomie und Entwicklungsmechanik.
In the judgment of N. E. Nordenskiöld, Schultze “brought cytology to the farthest point possible” before the introduction of the microtome.
(Excerpt from Die Hyalonemen: Ein Beitrag zur Naturgeschic...)
(Leopold is delighted to publish this classic book as part...)
(This is a pre-1923 historical reproduction that was curat...)
(This is a reproduction of a book published before 1923. T...)
( This is a reproduction of a book published before 1923....)
(This is a reproduction of a book published before 1923. T...)
(This is a reproduction of a book published before 1923. T...)
Member of the German Academy of Natural Scientists Leopoldina, member of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences (1871), member of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences (1872), director of the Anatomical Institute in Bonn.
Schultze came from a class of scholars and civil servants. His parents were Karl August Sigismund Schultze and his wife Friederike Bellermann (1805-1885). His father was a physician and professor of anatomy and physiology in Freiburg and from 1830 in Greifswald. His brother Bernhard Sigmund Schultze became a gynecologist and was a professor at the University of Jena from 1858 to 1903. His another brother, August Sigismund Schultze (1833-1918), was a lawyer and a lecturer at the University of Strasbourg.
