(President Nazarbayev carries forward the study he has mad...)
President Nazarbayev carries forward the study he has made of the problems of development in the post-industrial era, first set out in his earlier publication A strategy for the establishment of a post-industrial society and partnership between global civilizations. Russian and Kazakh academics have developed a comprehensive forecast for the coming four decades, under the title The future of civilization over the period to 2050, and it is with this as a foundation that the author here develops a new strategy for dealing with the major problems faced by global society: energy security, ecological balance, inequalities in technological development and the still tentative and partial development of economic cooperation.
Nursultan Nazarbayev, in full Nursultan Abishevich Nazarbayev, was a president of Kazakhstan (from 1990), a reformist who sought regional autonomy for his Central Asian republic.
Background
Nazarbayev was born on 6 July 1940 in Chemolgan, near Almaty (Kazakhstan, U. S. S. R. ), to Abish and Alzhan Nazarbayev who were Kazakh peasants.
The family stayed at their native place till Joseph Stalin’s collectivization policy and after that they shifted to the mountain region and became nomads.
Sustaining the tough times of the war and post war years, Nazarbayev childhood was burdened with poverty and starvation. Seeing his father struggle, he was a helping hand in whatever his father did at home and at fields for his livelihood.
Education
His knowledge and hard work helped him stand out among his fellows at school. His keen involvement in sports made him physically strong and a master of wresting too.
Post schooling, he went to the Karaganda Steel Mill in Temirtau for a year, under a government- sponsored scholarship. He was later sent to Ukraine and enrolled in a vocational school of the Dnieper Metallurgical Plant in Dneprodzerzhinsk.
He went on to earn a degree in metallurgy in 1967 from a technical school of the Karaganda Metallurgical Combine in Kazakhstan and later from the Higher Party School in Moscow in 1976.
Career
During the period 1960-1977 he worked as a steelworker and engineer at the Karaganda plant.
Nazarbeyev was involved in the Kazakhstan Magnitka (the Karaganda Metallurgical Plant) since its inception on July 3, 1960. He sustained the tough working conditions in the blast furnace and became one of the best metallurgists.
In 1962, he became a part of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) wherein he devoted his majority time and became the secretary of the Communist Party Committee of the Karaganda Metallurgical Kombinat in 1972.
Becoming a Secretary of the Party Committee of the native Karaganda Metallurgical Plant in 1972 was a milestone in his career. He was at the second highest post (after the director) of the plant where a total of 30000 people were employed.
His personal involvement at all levels from the production till the management, a pragmatic approach to problem solving coupled with the empathetic leadership qualities earned him lot of respect of the employees.
He progressed exponentially to become the Second Secretary of the Karaganda Regional Party Committee in 1976.
In 1984 he became the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Kazakh SSR and became the youngest (aged at 44) prime minister of the Union republics in the USSR which he continued till 1989.
In June 22, 1989, post the transfer of Gennady Kolbin (Congress of People's Deputies) to Moscow, Nazarbayev was elected as first Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Kazakh.
On April 24, 1990 when the Supreme Council of the Kazakh SSR proposed the post of the President of the Kazakh SSR, Nursultan Nazarbayev was elected as the first President in the history of Kazakhstan.
The year 1991 saw the ouster of Mikhail Gorbachev which was strongly opposed by Nazarbayev but the opposition went in vain thereby leading to Nazarbayev’s resignation from the Politburo in August 1991.
With the first elections for the President of the Republic on December 1, 1991, Nazarbayev became the President of the Republic with clear majority.
Nazarbayev’s term was extended till 2000 through the referendum of 1995. Being struck by an economic adversity, elections were pre-pond in 1999 wherein Nazarbayev was re-elected as the President.
Being re-elected in 2005 by a 90% majority for a seven year term, he was excused from the policy of two-term presidency through a constitutional amendment passed in 2007.
He was given the title of the ‘Leader of the Nation’ by the Kazakh parliament in 2010 which also passed a referendum to withdraw the future two term elections thereby declaring Nazarbayev’s presidency till 2020 but the Kazakhstan constitutional court did not accept it.
The failure of the referendum led to early elections in 2011 resulting in Nazarbayev’s majority by 95%. The politically restricted activities along with the absence of a strong opposition were believed to be the reasons behind Nazarbayev’s clear win.
The year 2015 saw Nazarbayev becoming the president again with a majority of 95%.
Achievements
It was under his leadership that Kazakhstan attained complete independence from the Soviet Union in December, 1991 through the Alma-Ata Protocol which resulted in the formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States (the union of former Soviet republics as) with Russia, Ukraine, Georgia, and seven other former Soviet republics.
Under his suggestion to unite the growing European and Asian economies, the “Eurasian Union” was created on May 29, 2014 wherein Russia, Belarus, and Kazakhstan signed a treaty to share a common economic space of 170 million people.
His concern towards the environment was evident on his pointing out ecological imbalances affecting the Aral Sea and the call he made to Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan and many others to correct the environmental harm caused during the Soviet period.
On September 8, 2006 a treaty to authorize the Central Asian Nuclear Weapon Free Zone was signed by Nazarbayev.
He is credited with the formulation of the Kazakhstan 2050 Strategy in 2012 that aims at strengthening Kazakhstan’s position as one of the 30 most developing countries in the world.
Nazarbayev was honored by a postage stamp bearing his photograph.
Other honors bestowed upon him are the Order of the Golden Eagle, Order of the Red Banner of Labour, Order of the Badge of Honour, the Order of Alexander Nevsky, the Order of Akhmad Kadyrov and many more.
He has been honored by other countries and international institutions. These are the Grand Star of the Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria, the Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold of Belgium, the Grand Cordon of the Order of the Nile of Egypt, the Grand Croix of the Légion d'honneur of France, the Order of Independence of Qatar, the Order of Liberty of Ukraine and many others.
In 1991 Nazarbayev ardently supported Gorbachev's plan for a new Union Treaty, which would have made the Soviet republics sovereign but not independent.
Realizing that the former Soviet republics are economically too interdependent to function on their own, Nazarbayev has remained a vigorous advocate of the Commonwealth of Independent States.
Views
Quotations:
"As of today, we do not need expert reports by the authoritative analytical institutions to realise that the reasons for such a situation in our community lie in global inequality, poverty and illiteracy. "
"We're working on accession to the WTO very actively. We still have several countries with which we need to conclude agreements and possibly that will happen next year. "
"We know that golf is an ancient game with great history and tradition, but our golf is only 10 years old so don't judge us too harshly. "
"We must strive to encourage East and West not only to move towards each other but also to encourage them to find a new philosophy, a philosophy which will serve as a tool determining the future of Planet Earth - our common and only shelter. "
Membership
Nazarbayev became a full time member of the Kazakhstan Politburo in 1979. He became a full time member of the CPSU Politburo in 1990.
Connections
Nazarbayev got married to Sara Alpysqyzy and they have three daughters.
