Electrostatic Motors: Their History, Types and Principles of Operation

(The most authoritative and comprehensive book on the subj...)

The most authoritative and comprehensive book on the subject of using high voltage electric charge to power a motor. The book shows the type of electrostatic motor that was first invented by Ben Franklin in 1748. It also reviews and illustrates electric pendulum motors, electric wind motors, Franklin's spark motors, capacitor motors, inductance motors, corona motors, liquid immersed motors, electret motors and more. The last chapter shows how the electrostatic motor can be designed to be powered by atmospheric electricity, which Professor Jefimenko experimented with at the University of West Virginia. The author is very meticulous to give dates and references for the historical use of particularly unique electrostatic motors. Dr. Jefimenko's articles from Popular Science magazine are reprinted in the Appendix for those who want to build their own electrostatic motor. He also reviews the atmospheric potential for generating energy, pointing out it is in the gigawatt range. The book also includes his review article on the earth's electric field as a natural source of electrostatic energy.

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Electromagnetic Retardation and Theory of Relativity: New Chapters in the Classical Theory of Fields, Second Edition

(This book presents a comprehensive exposition of the theo...)

This book presents a comprehensive exposition of the theory of electromagnetic retardation and offers a significant novel approach to the formulation, development and use of the theory of special relativity. The book is divided into two parts. The first part, Chapters 1 to 5, presents the fundamentals of the theory of electromagnetic retardation with emphasis on recently developed electromagnetic relations and mathematical techniques. Employing as the starting point the retarded electromagnetic field integrals rather than the traditional Lienard-Wiechert potentials and using the newest mathematical methods for operations with retarded integrals, the theory is presented in a clear and logical manner, and the applications of the theory are demonstrated by numerous well-chosen original illustrative examples. As Professor Jefimenko shows, the theory of electromagnetic retardation leads to, and duplicates, many electromagnetic relations that are customarily considered to constitute consequences of relativistic electrodynamics. Much of the first part of the book is devoted to establishing a bridge between the theory of electromagnetic retardation and the theory of relativity. In the second part of the book, Chapters 6 to 11, all the fundamental equations of the special relativity theory, including equations of relativistic electrodynamics and mechanics, are derived in a natural and direct way from equations of electromagnetic retardation and from electromagnetic force and energy equations without any postulates, conjectures, or hypotheses. As a result, the theory of special relativity acquires a new physical and mathematical base and becomes united with Maxwellian electromagnetism into one simple, clear, and harmonious theory of electromagnetic phenomena and mechanical interactions between rapidly moving bodies. Numerous well-chosen original illustrative examples demonstrate various applications of the relativistic electrodynamics and relativistic mechanics developed in this part of the book. The new approach to the formulations of the theory of relativity presented in this book makes it necessary to reexamine the conventional interpretation of some of the key aspects of the special relativity theory. One of the most significant results of this reexamination is that, although the idea of Lorentz length contraction played an important part in Einstein's approach to the formulation of the theory of relativity, this idea is not an integral part of the theory of relativity itself. Another equally significant result of this reexamination, based on an analysis of a dozen elementary electromagnetic clocks, is that the rate of the moving clocks depends both on the velocity and on the construction of the clocks, so that although all the clocks examined in the book run slow when in motion, only some clocks conform to Einstein's time-dilation formula; others do not. Finally, the novel approach to the formulation of the special relativity theory developed in this book leads to the conclusion that gravitational phenomena are subject to essentially the same relativistic relations as are the electromagnetic phenomena. Based on this conclusion, a covariant formulation of Newton-Heaviside's gravitational theory is developed and presented in the last chapter of the book. An Appendix to the book contains an analysis of the physical nature of electric and magnetic forces and presents a novel interpretation of the "near-action" mechanism of electromagnetic interactions.

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Causality, Electromagnetic Induction, and Gravitation: A Different Approach to the Theory of Electromagnetic and Gravitational Fields, 2nd edition by Oleg D. Jefimenko (2000-03-14)

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Electrostatic motors; their history, types, and principles of operation

(The history, types, and principles of operation for elect...)

The history, types, and principles of operation for electrostatic motors, as delineated by Oleg D. Jefimenky of West Virginia University. Published by Electret Scientfic Company (Star City, WV). Hardcover in blue cloth. Includes many illustrations of which 57 are by David K. Walker of Wayneburg College. Examines the history, types and principles of operation. Each chapter carries a list of references following the text and there is a full index.

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Electromagnetic Retardation and Theory of Relativity

(This book presents a comprehensive exposition of the theo...)

This book presents a comprehensive exposition of the theory of electromagnetic retardation and offers a significant novel approach to the formulation, development and use of the theory of special relativity. The book is divided into two parts. The first part, Chapters 1 to 5, presents the fundamentals of the theory of electromagnetic retardation with emphasis on recently developed electromagnetic relations and mathematical techniques. Employing as the starting point the retarded electromagnetic field integrals rather than the traditional Lienard-Wiechert potentials and using the newest mathematical methods for operations with retarded integrals, the theory is presented in a clear and logical manner, and the applications of the theory are demonstrated by numerous well-chosen original illustrative examples. As Professor Jefimenko shows, the theory of electromagnetic retardation leads to, and duplicates, many electromagnetic relations that are customarily considered to constitute consequences of relativistic electrodynamics. Much of the first part of the book is devoted to establishing a bridge between the theory of electromagnetic retardation and the theory of relativity. In the second part of the book, Chapters 6 to 11, all the fundamental equations of the special relativity theory, including equations of relativistic electrodynamics and mechanics, are derived in a natural and direct way from equations of electromagnetic retardation and from electromagnetic force and energy equations without any postulates, conjectures, or hypotheses. As a result, the theory of special relativity acquires a new physical and mathematical base and becomes united with Maxwellian electromagnetism into one simple, clear, and harmonious theory of electromagnetic phenomena and mechanical interactions between rapidly moving bodies. Numerous well-chosen original illustrative examples demonstrate various applications of the relativistic electrodynamics and relativistic mechanics developed in this part of the book. The new approach to the formulations of the theory of relativity presented in this book makes it necessary to reexamine the conventional interpretation of some of the key aspects of the special relativity theory. One of the most significant results of this reexamination is that, although the idea of Lorentz length contraction played an important part in Einstein's approach to the formulation of the theory of relativity, this idea is not an integral part of the theory of relativity itself. Another equally significant result of this reexamination, based on an analysis of a dozen elementary electromagnetic clocks, is that the rate of the moving clocks depends both on the velocity and on the construction of the clocks, so that although all the clocks examined in the book run slow when in motion, only some clocks conform to Einstein's time-dilation formula; others do not. Finally, the novel approach to the formulation of the special relativity theory developed in this book leads to the conclusion that gravitational phenomena are subject to essentially the same relativistic relations as are the electromagnetic phenomena. Based on this conclusion, a covariant formulation of Newton-Heaviside's gravitational theory is developed and presented in the last chapter of the book.

http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0917406214/?tag=2022091-20

Series in Physics Electricity and Magnetism

("the necessary and sufficient condition for this invarian...)

"the necessary and sufficient condition for this invariance is dimensional homogeneity"

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Causality, Electromagnetic Induction, and Gravitation: A Different Approach to the Theory of Electromagnetic and Gravitational Fields, 2nd edition

(This book is a strikingly new exploration of the fundamen...)

This book is a strikingly new exploration of the fundamentals of Maxwell's electromagnetic theory and of Newton's theory of gravitation. Starting with an analysis of causality in the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction, the author discovers a series of heretofore unknown or overlooked electromagnetic interdependencies and equations. One of the most notable new results is the discovery that Maxwell's equations do not depict cause and effect relations between electromagnetic phenomena: causal dependencies in electromagnetic phenomena are found to be described by solutions of Maxwell's equations in the form of retarded electric and magnetic field integrals. A consequence of this discovery is that, contrary to the generally accepted view, time-variable electric and magnetic fields cannot cause each other and that both fields are simultaneously created by their true causative sources -- time-dependent electric charges and currents. Another similarly important discovery is that Lenz's law of electromagnetic induction is a manifestation of the previously ignored electric force produced by the time-dependent electric currents. These discoveries lead to important new methods of calculations of various electromagnetic effects in time- depended electromagnetic systems. The new methods are demonstrated by a variety of illustrative examples. Continuing his analysis of causal electromagnetic relations, the author finds that these relations are closely associated with the law of momentum conservation, and that with the help of the law of momentum conservation one can analyze causal relations not only in electromagnetic but also in gravitational systems. This leads to the discovery that in the time-dependent gravitational systems the momentum cannot be conserved without a second gravitational force field, which the author calls the "cogravitational, or Heaviside's, field." This second field, first predicted by Heaviside, relates to the gravitational field proper just as the magnetic field relates to the electric field. The author then generalizes Newton's gravitational theory to time-dependent systems and derives causal gravitational equations in the form of two retarded integrals similar to the retarded integrals for the electric and magnetic fields introduced previously. One of the most important consequences of the causal gravitational equations is that a gravitational interaction between two bodies involves not one force (as in Newton's theory) but as many as five different forces corresponding to the five terms in the two retarded gravitational and cogravitational field integrals. These forces depend not only on the masses and separation of the interacting bodies, but also on their velocity and acceleration and even on the rate of change of their masses. A series of illustrative examples on the calculation of these new forces is provided and a graphical representation of these forces is given. The book concludes with a discussion of the possibility of antigravitation as a consequence of the negative equivalent mass of the gravitational field energy. The book is written in the style and format of a textbook. The clear presentation, the detailed derivations of all the basic formulas and equations, and the many illustrative examples make this book well suitable not only for independent studies but also as a supplementary textbook in courses on electromagnetic theory and gravitation. The second edition of the book refines and improves the first edition, especially in the presentation and development of Newton's gravitational theory generalized to time-dependent gravitational systems. The book has been augmented by several new Appendixes. Particularly notable are Appendixes 5, 6, and 8. Appendixes 5 and 6 present novel "dynamic" electric and gravitational field maps of rapidly moving charges and masses. Appendix 8 contains the little-known but extremely important Heaviside's 1893 article on the generalization of Newton's gravitational theory.

http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0917406230/?tag=2022091-20