Background
Paul was born on October 1, 1754 in Saint Petersburg, Russia to Grand Duke Peter (later Emperor Peter III) and Grand Duchess Catherine (later Empress Catherine II the Great of Russia).
Paul was born on October 1, 1754 in Saint Petersburg, Russia to Grand Duke Peter (later Emperor Peter III) and Grand Duchess Catherine (later Empress Catherine II the Great of Russia).
Empress Elizabeth brought Paul up under her personal supervision, and his schooling was under the direction of Nikita Ivanovich Panin, who later became Catherine's chief diplomatic adviser.
Under the guidance of a carefully selected group of teachers, Paul studied geography, history, and mathematics. He learned to speak Russian, French, and German fluently.
Paul I travelled around Western Europe with his wife from 1781 to 1782 and was gifted the Gatchina Estate in 1783, where he raised a brigade worth of soldiers whom he trained on the Prussian model. This was not a popular system in Russia.
He had a strained relationship with his mother, and when Catherine the Great became Empress of Russia, she did not involve Paul in governing the Empire. He was openly against her expansionist policies and advocated a defensive outlook, which was contrary to his mother’s policies. This was looked upon as a threat by the Empress.
Empress Catherine tried to encourage her grandson, Alexander, to ascend the throne after her. However, Alexander remained loyal to Paul when it came to succession.
Catherine the Great suffered a stroke on 17 November 1796 and died a sudden death. In the absence of a statement from the late Empress, Paul took over as the Emperor of Russia, with the title Paul I of Russia. The first thing he did was to promulgate the Pauline Laws, which specified that the throne would automatically go to the next male heir in the Romanov dynasty.
The next step he took was to recall his army that was poised to attack Persia as per the plans of Catherine the Great. In order to put to rest rumours about him being an illegitimate son, he reburied his father alongside his mother with great pomp and show in the Peter and Paul Cathedral.
During the next few years he reversed a number of his mother’s harsh policies and allowed her best known critique, Radishchev, to come back from exile in Siberia. Though he was idealistic and generous in his ways, he also displayed a lot of vindictiveness.
He took it upon himself to reform the Russian nobility, whom he considered to be corrupt and crafty. He considered this necessary in order to avoid economic rescission and revolution of the masses. Those who fell into line were rewarded richly, while others were persecuted.
He also introduced some unpopular reforms in the Army that included change in their uniform. He was fond of ceremonial parades with pomp and show that were not in sync with the Russian Army of that time. His Infantry Code, which was a set of rules more inclined towards ceremonials, was disregarded by his generals.
He hated the French and their expansionist policies. However, due to differences in opinion with his mother, he initially withdrew the troops promised by her to Briton and Austria to defeat France. He then tried to mediate between Austria and France using the diplomatic path to make peace.
He was averse to the French revolution and saw France as a threat to Russia. He gave asylum to French nobility and tried to get them back to power. When Napoleon captured Malta he rallied around the rest of Europe to try and defeat the French. The combined forces managed to push the French out of Italy, but Paul fell out with Austria as he wanted to restore the monarchy, while Austria was looking at territorial gains.
He then joined forces with the British to try and attack France through the Netherlands. However, the allies faced tough resistance and had to face defeat. Later his relations with the British soured and he turned to the peace loving Scandinavian countries of Denmark and Sweden.
Iran had invaded Georgia and captured Tbilisi. However, the Persian ruler, Agha Mohammad Khan was assassinated and Russia got involved in the affairs of Persia. Paul I signed an order to incorporated Georgia in the Russian Empire, which was implemented by his son, Alexander.
On the administrative front he brought in reforms in favour of the common man and banned corporal punishment for the lower class. He endeavoured to bring in more accountability among the upper class that was not liked by the nobility who conspired to have him assassinated.
On the night of 23 March 1801, he was murdered by a group of disgruntled army men headed by General Bennigsen, who entered his bedroom and attacked him with swords. This brought an end to five years of his monarchy. He was succeeded by his son Alexander I, who spared his assassins after he came to power.
Paul I brought in several reforms in the Army and administration in order to curb the powers of the nobility, whom he considered to be corrupt. He instilled more of bureaucracy to keep a check on the functioning of his government. However, his policies were not popular and led to his ultimate assassination.
Paul's mother arranged his first marriage to Natalia Alexeievna, who was the daughter of Ludwig IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt, in 1773. Unfortunately she died during child birth of their first offspring.
In October 1776, he married for the second time to Sophia Dorothea from the German state of Wurttemberg. She was a beautiful woman who later came to be known as Maria Feodorovna.
