Patriotism and Piety: The Speeches of His Excellency Caleb Strong, Esq., To the Senate and House of Representatives of the Commonwealth of ... Papers of His Excellency, From 1800 to 1807
(Excerpt from Patriotism and Piety: The Speeches of His Ex...)
Excerpt from Patriotism and Piety: The Speeches of His Excellency Caleb Strong, Esq., To the Senate and House of Representatives of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts; With Their Answers, and Other Official Publick Papers of His Excellency, From 1800 to 1807
The last year of his political life has shewn his greatness of mind, perhaps beyondany former year. Surrounded by polit1enl opponents, which constituted majorities in all the oth er branches of the government, with which he was more imme diately connected, we saw him firm and unyielding, where dun ty called. - amiable and conciliatory in points not essential Commanding the admiration and respect even of those, who. Ungratefully and unblushingly were plotting his overthrow.
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Letters Addressed to Caleb Strong ...: Showing, That Retaliation, Capital Punishments, and War, Are Prohibited by the Gospel ... Inconsistent with the ... to the Laws of Christ By Philadelphus
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Record of the Proceedings of a General Court Martial, Holden at the Court-House in Salem, in the County of Essex, Monday, Sept. 28, 1812, by Order of ... Chief of the Militia of the Commonwealth...
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Full Title:Record of the Proceedings of a General Court...)
Full Title:Record of the Proceedings of a General Court Martial, Holden at the Court-House in Salem, in the County of Essex, Monday, Sept. 28, 1812, by Order of His Excellency Caleb Strong, Esq. Governor and Commander in Chief of the Militia of the Commonwealth of M
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The below data was compiled from various identification fields in the bibliographic record of this title. This data is provided as an additional tool in helping to insure edition identification:
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The County of Essex
Court Record
Yale Law Library
Cambridge: Printed by Hilliard and Metcalf. 1812
Caleb Strong was a Massachusetts lawyer and politician who served as the sixth and tenth Governor of Massachusetts.
Background
Caleb was born on January 9, 1745 in Northampton, Massachussets, United States. He was the son of Caleb Strong, a tanner, and Phebe (Lyman). He was fifth in descent from John Strong, who emigrated to Massachusetts in 1630, settling ultimately in Northampton.
Education
Prepared by Rev. Samuel Moody of York, he entered Harvard College, graduating in 1764 with highest honors. On his way home he contracted smallpox, which permanently impaired his sight, but after family help in reading law, and study under Joseph Hawley, he was admitted to the bar in 1772.
Career
Chosen a selectman of Northampton, he served from 1774 throughout the Revolution on the town's committee of safety. He sat in the General Court of 1776 and thenceforward for twenty-four years he served as county attorney.
A delegate to the Massachusetts constitutional convention of 1779, he was a member of its drafting committee. He sat in 1780 on the last Massachusetts Council to wield the executive power. The same year he declined a seat in the Continental Congress, becoming a state senator and serving until 1789.
In 1783 he declined, for pecuniary reasons, an appointment to the supreme judicial court. Strong represented Massachusetts in the Federal Convention of 1787, sharing modestly in its work till August, when he was called home by illness in his family.
Chosen senator from Massachusetts in 1789, he drew a four-year term. He was active in framing the Judiciary Act and served on numerous committees which drafted other formative laws--legal, financial, and miscellaneous. Forming, with Oliver Ellsworth and Rufus King, an Administration bulwark in the Senate, he was chosen in 1791 to report Hamilton's plan for a national bank. After his reelection in 1793, he actively urged a mission to England and supported Jay's Treaty.
Far more popular than his party, he defeated Elbridge Gerry in 1800, and continued governor by annual election throughout the prosperous, politically quiet years of Jefferson's first term. His popularity withstood the steady Democratic trend even after 1804, when Massachusetts chose Jeffersonian electors. Narrowly elected a seventh successive time in 1806, though with a Democratic legislature, he was finally defeated in 1807 by James Sullivan.
Strong refused nomination in 1808, but in 1812, when war was near and Gerry governor, he consented again to run. Barely winning, despite the "gerrymander" which redistricted the state in Democratic interests, he was moderate in countering Gerry's proscription of Federalist officials. Congress declared war against Great Britain, June 18, 1812. New England, fearing commercial ruin, opposed hostilities from the start.
On June 26, Strong proclaimed a public fast because of war "against the nation from which we are descended", and the Massachusetts House asked public disapproval of the war in town and county meetings.
Secretary of War Eustis requested Strong to order part of the militia into federal service, and General Dearborn twice made requisition for these troops. Strong, however, believed that he, as governor, should decide whether the Constitutional exigency existed which empowered the president to call out state militia, and that the militia must remain under state officers. The supreme judicial court, acting through Chief Justice Parsons, and Justices Sewall and Parker, sanctioned these views.
Supported by his Council, Strong decided no exigency existed, and refused to furnish the troops. His general order of July 3, 1812, required the militia to keep in instant readiness for state defense.
On August 5, believing the exigency of "foreign invasion" now existed, he ordered a small force into federal service for the defense of eastern Maine, to Chief Justice Parsons' disgust (W. H. Sumner, A History of East Boston, 1858, p. 738). The war dragged on and Massachusetts, led by Strong and the legislature, steadily hung back. Federal troops were sent elsewhere.
In 1814 the British occupied eastern Maine, threatening coastal Massachusetts, and on September 6, Strong called out the militia, independently of the national government. On his query, Secretary of War Monroe stated that its expenses would not be reimbursed. Addressing a special session of the legislature he had called, October 5, Strong now held that the people of Massachusetts had been deserted by the United States and must take measures for self-preservation. The legislature, controlled by extreme Federalists, promptly provided for a state army, apart from the militia; and for the calling of a New England convention to further mutual defense and eventual reshaping of the Federal compact.
On October 17 it invited the other New England states to this conference, and two days later chose delegates, Connecticut and Rhode Island quickly following suit. Strong approved the calling of the Hartford Convention, which met December 15, and, with the legislature, approved its report; but the Massachusetts commissioners appointed pursuant to this report reached Washington along with the news of peace.
Strong had thought the first British peace conditions reasonable, including concessions by Massachusetts of territory and fisheries, and he blamed the American negotiators for rejecting them. The winter of peace found Massachusetts' independent defense crippled, the Boston banks now refusing credit to the state as they had to the nation. Throughout the war Massachusetts, openly yearning for peace, had failed to cooperate with the Union, though remaining within it.
Proceeding with measured care, Strong represented the attitude of his state, preventing overt disunionist acts but obeying the letter, not the spirit, of federal obligation. Annually elected governor from 1812, he refused renomination in 1816, and retired.
Strong himself died in Northampton suddenly, of angina pectoris.
(1805. Very large, 16x20-1/2 inch folio poster which begin...)
Religion
He was a sober Calvinist.
Politics
A leading Federalist in the Massachusetts ratifying convention, he was active and persuasive.
Views
Although favoring a stronger Union, he upheld democratic town-meeting principles, advocating low salaries and annual elections of representatives. He desired one rank and mode of election for the houses of Congress; yet, to conciliate the small states, he voted for the vital compromise which accorded them equal representation in the Senate. He opposed a council of revision; preferred a choice of the president by Congress to the institution of the electoral college.
Membership
He was a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and a member of the Massachusetts Historical Society.
In 1813, Strong was also elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society.
Personality
A humane, religious man, even-tempered, conscientious, moderate, he adhered through life to carefully thought out views.
Guided by duty, deliberate and firm in judgment, he was transparently responsible, fair-minded, true to trust.
Connections
He had a wife, Sarah Hooker, whom he had married November 20, 1777.