Background
He was born on September 11, 1865 in Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom, the son of Alexander and Isabella (Carter) Smith. His grandfather was a sculptor and his father a musician.
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He was born on September 11, 1865 in Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom, the son of Alexander and Isabella (Carter) Smith. His grandfather was a sculptor and his father a musician.
In preparation for the University of Edinburgh he studied for seven years at the Edinburgh Collegiate School. While he received the degree of B. S. in chemistry in 1886, he devoted a good part of his four years at the university to the study of astronomy and published four semipopular articles on it before he was graduated.
Finding that there was little prospect of a successful career in that subject, however, he turned to the study of chemistry under Adolph Ritter von Baeyer at the University of Munich, where his principal subject was organic chemistry. He received the degree of Ph. D. at Munich in 1889.
He was assistant in analytical chemistry at Edinburgh for a year and gave a course of lectures on organic syntheses.
During a visit to the United States in the summer of 1890 he was appointed professor of chemistry and mineralogy at Wabash College, Crawfordsville, Indiana, a position he held for four years. He also continued his researches in organic chemistry, following the lines of his work in Munich.
In 1894 he was invited by John Ulric Nef to take charge of the work in elementary inorganic chemistry at the University of Chicago. He was assistant professor, 1894-98; associate professor, 1898-1904; and professor, 1904-11. From 1900 to 1911 he was dean of the junior colleges.
He very soon began important investigations on quite other topics than those on which he had been working. Thoroughly trained in physics and mathematics, he soon made for himself a distinguished name in physical chemistry, which was rapidly coming into vogue in America through the influence of chemists who had received their inspiration in the laboratory of Wilhelm Ostwald in Leipzig. In a series of masterful, experimental researches, he threw a flood of light on the conditions for the formation and existence of the different solid and liquid forms of sulfur.
As a teacher he made a very careful study of the best methods for presenting chemistry to beginners. His ideas were crystallized in a book on The Teaching of Chemistry and Physics in the High School (1902), written with Edwin H. Hall. In 1906 he published his Introduction to General Inorganic Chemistry, which probably had a greater success than any other textbook of inorganic chemistry published during the first quarter of the twentieth century. It was translated into German, Italian, Russian, and Portuguese. Its phenomenal success was due to the fact that it presented adequately for the first time in a textbook written in English the theories of ionization and equilibria which lay at the foundation of the rapid advances then in progress in physical chemistry.
In 1911 he became head of the department of chemistry at Columbia University, a position he held until 1919, when he retired because of failing health. He became president of the American Chemical Society, 1911.
He died in Edinburgh.
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In 1891 he became a member of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. He was a member of the Society of Physics and Chemistry of Madrid, 1911, and a member of the National Academy of Sciences, 1915.
On February 16, 1905, he married Sara (Bowles) Ludden, daughter of William Bowles of Memphis; they had a son and a daughter.