The Social Basis Of Consciousness - Scholar's Choice Edition
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The Neurosis Of ManAn Introduction To A Science Of Human Behaviour
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This work has been selected by scholars as being cultur...)
This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.
This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.
As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Science and Man's Behavior: The Contribution of Phylobiology
(Edited and compiled by William E. Galt after Burrow’s dea...)
Edited and compiled by William E. Galt after Burrow’s death, Science and Man’s Behavior: The Contribution of Phylobiology details the practices and therapies of one of the founding fathers of behavioral psychology. As a psychologist, Burrow was most interested in understanding and resolving man's behavioral conflict. He worked to shed light on behavioral disorders through his use of group- and phylo-therapy. Join Galt on a journey through Burrow’s theories and practices in this important early text on a groundbreaking twentieth-century methodology. Trigiant Burrow was a founder of phylobiology and was a pioneer of using phylo-analysis as a therapy tool. Burrow was a trained doctor, biologist, and psychologist who specialized in experimental psychology. He studied psychoanalysis with Carl Jung and brought the European techniques to the United States. He studied and practiced experimental and behavioral psychology in Baltimore, Maryland for most of his life.
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This work has been selected by scholars as being cultur...)
This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.
This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.
As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Nicholas Trigant Burrow was an American psychoanalyst, psychiatrist, psychologist. He is noted as a founder of group analysis in the United States and also for the invention of the concept of neurodynamics.
Background
Nicholas Trigant Burrow was born on September 7, 1875 in Norfolk, Virginia, the youngest of the four children of John W. Burrow and Anastasia (Devereaux) Burrow. He had an older sister and two older brothers. His father was a wholesale druggist. The family was of mainly French extraction.
Education
Burrow was educated in Norfolk until he was sent to St. Francis Xavier Academy in New York City and then to Fordham University. After graduating in the classical curriculum at Fordham in 1895, he prepared himself for the study of medicine for a year and in 1896 entered the medical school of the University of Virginia. Burrow took his M. D. in 1899 and stayed on for a year as demonstrator in biology.
In 1900 he and his roommate, Cornelius C. Wholey, who himself became an eminent psychiatrist, spent the year in medical centers in Europe. The two young physicians then settled in Baltimore, and Burrow began study at Johns Hopkins University.
In 1909 Burrow was on his way to Zurich to study with Carl Jung.
Career
Burrow took his Ph. D. in experimental psychology in 1909, working on an aspect of attention. He then began work under the preeminent Adolf Meyer at the New York State Psychiatric Institute at Ward's Island.
In 1910 Burrow opened an analytic practice in Baltimore. He had the backing of the powerful Meyer, who was then at Johns Hopkins, and he retained a clinical appointment there until 1927. His practice flourished, and he published papers regularly. In one he reported his finding of the human infant's initial feeling of identity with its mother.
In 1918 Burrow began studying interpersonal relationships with an analysand, Clarence Shields. Burrow withdrew from practice in 1921 and with the help of Shields built up a new approach to curing nervous disorders. When Burrow took up practice again, it included group meetings with students and patients. Burrow reported his new group analysis in papers and in The Social Basis of Consciousness (1927).
There he explained that he was not analyzing individuals in a group setting, but the group was analyzing itself, an appropriate procedure, he said, because neurosis is a social phenomenon. Burrow's ideas after about 1921 were relatively consistent; in later years they developed rather than changed. His procedure was based on eliminating the physiological-psychological affective elements that usually intrude upon social relationships.
He did not attempt to treat individual maladaptations as such but rather to remove the cause of neurosis generally, the social-biological heritage of all men.
Burrow moved his practice to New York in 1927, working within the Lifwynn Foundation for Laboratory Research in Analytic and Social Psychiatry (named after the Adirondack camp where he continued his research each summer). He developed his ideas in numerous scientific papers and a series of books published between 1932 and (posthumously) 1964.
In 1945 the foundation moved to Westport, Connecticut, near Burrow's home. He considered group analysis a laboratory investigation, and in 1937 he and his colleagues began a number of more conventional laboratory experiments on the physiological concomitants of the social neurosis. The work of Burrow and the Lifwynn Foundation did not receive the attention and corroboration for which he had hoped.
Although Burrow was a founder of the American Psychoanalytic Association and president in 1925-1926, his criticism of conventional techniques alienated him from the tight-knit analytic group, and a reorganization finally excluded him formally in 1933.
He died at home in Greens Farms, Connecticut, on May 24, 1950, of malignant lymphoma. His body was cremated.
His father was Protestant, his mother, a Catholic. Burrow attended Fordham University, where the dogmas of the Catholic church began to lose their significance for him.
Views
He believed that man collectively does have the power to shape his own destiny.
Since he was even more critical of anti-Freudians, he increasingly was limited to his own group and general scientific forums. Because he and his students did not operate within mainline psychiatric or scientific elite, the personal influences that would have been essential to widespread study and acceptance were absent. Major medical and academic institutions received continuous dramatic increases in mental health research funds in which the Lifwynn Foundation did not share.
Burrow's work tended to get lost in the avalanche of high quality publications in the field. Lacking both effective institutional and personal influence, he was unable to win for his ideas the attention that they deserved. Despite Burrow's disappointment, he had a considerable impact. In his earlier years he not only helped domesticate psychoanalysis in the United States but on his own influenced the thinking of writers D. H. Lawrence and Sherwood Anderson.
As Burrow's ideas evolved into a system, however, other intellectuals found them increasingly difficult to integrate into the eclecticism that prevailed in psychiatry and related disciplines, although a number of important psychiatric teachers such as Harry Stack Sullivan adopted ideas from Burrow. Burrow's thinking was not consonant with that of his contemporaries.
While the psychoanalysts were developing individual epigenetic explanations, Burrow was emphasizing the total physical and mental reaction of not only one holistic human being but the entire human race. Indeed, Burrow's vision was so radical as to lead him to reject much of conventional Western culture, such as the idea that normality is healthy, just at a time in the 1930's and 1940's when most American intellectuals were reaffirming traditional values. Only later did many modes in which Burrow thought appear of great importance--the significance of nonverbal behavior, analysis of a holistic group, the pathogenic potential of the person's concept of the self, interdisciplinary approaches to neurosis, the psychophysiological study of eye movements, breathing, and EEG.
Much of his importance lay, therefore, beyond his own day, in the way in which his writings gave courage to a later generation of pioneers in a number of different areas in psychological-psychiatric research. His example at first encouraged a number of workers to try a group setting for individual psychotherapy, and much later his writings were an inspiration to organic group analysts, particularly in the family analysis movement of the 1960's.
Quotations:
"the first man of American birth to take up this work, and the second man in America, " as he remarked at the time.
He wrote seven books and seventy articles, and had this comment: "Psychoanalysis is not the study of neurosis: it is a neurosis, " but for Freud he was a "muddled bubbler. "
"We need to rid ourselves of the idea that the neurotic individual is sick and that the psychopathologists are well. We need to accept a more liberal societal viewpoint that permits us to recognize without protest that the individual neurotic is in many respects not more sick than we ourselves. "
Membership
He was a member of the American Psychoanalytic Association.
Personality
Of medium height with blue eyes and brown hair, he was a trim, youthful-looking person who liked drama, music (he had perfect pitch), poetry, riding, and tennis.
Burrow was a well-bred Southern gentleman who never knew what it meant to be without servants.
Quotes from others about the person
Freud asked once, "Does Burrow think he is going to cure the world?" but that was exactly what Burrow had in mind through "psychoanalysis. "
Connections
He married Emily Sherwood Bryan, a nurse, on August 9, 1904. They had two children, John Devereaux and Emily Sherwood.