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In modern English transliteration, her surname would be given as Shayn, but her astronomical discoveries are credited under the name P. F. Shajn. Nonetheless, her last name is sometimes given as Schajn, and her first name sometimes as Pelageja. She was born in 1894 to a peasant family in the village Ostanin located in the Solikamsky District of the Permanent Governorate.
She was the wife of Grigory Abramovich Shajn (Григорий Абрамович Шайн), who was also a Russian astronomer.
Her maiden name was Sannikova (Санникова). She co-discovered the periodic comet 61P/Shajn–Schaldach.
She also discovered numerous asteroids and about 140 variable stars. In honor of Pelageya Shajn was named asteroid 1190 Pelagia by Soviet/Russian astronomer Grigory Neujmin.