Background
George Howard Parker was born on December 23, 1864 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. He was the son of George Washington and Martha Taylor Parker.
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(Excerpt from The Compound Eyes in Crustaceans Essentiall...)
Excerpt from The Compound Eyes in Crustaceans Essentially the same methods as those which I used in investigating the eyes in the lobster were employed in studying the eyes in other Crustaceans. As these methods have been described at some length in my paper on the lobster's eye (parker, pp. 3, further mention of them 'in this connection is unnecessary. Before proceeding to an account of the eyes in Crustaceans, a few statements should be made concerning the use of terms. In the fol lowing anatomical descriptions, I have very. Generally adhered to the Older and more established terms. It must be, admitted that some Of these, on account Of their derivation, are not entirely satisfactory, but because of their general acceptance I have chosen to retain them rather than to attempt to replace them by new ones. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
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George Howard Parker was born on December 23, 1864 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. He was the son of George Washington and Martha Taylor Parker.
George Howard Parker attended Friends' Center School in Philadelphia until 1879, when his father's business collapsed and he was forced to withdraw from school to help support the family. Until that time the Parkers, moderately well off, had summered at Cape May, New Jersey, where Parker acquired his lifelong love of the sea and nature's fascinating creatures. Parker's collecting instincts were evident very early, and his avocation led him to the museum of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences. It was there that he was launched on a scientific career in 1880, when he was awarded a Jessup fellowship to work on the academy's collection and study natural history. The fellowship lasted for two years, during which time Parker prepared himself for the entrance examinations for Harvard University. He passed them in May 1883 and enrolled that fall in the Lawrence Scientific School of Harvard.
His father's death that year further reduced Parker's limited resources, but he soon discovered that he could earn substantial sums by tutoring; with this work and a small scholarship, he was able to continue at Harvard. Within three years Parker had completed most of the work for a degree, and in his last undergraduate year he was appointed as a half-time assistant in zoology. His bachelor's thesis, on the structure and development of the eye in the scorpion, was subsequently published as his first zoological paper. Parker graduated in 1887.
Immediately after graduation, George Howard Parker began graduate studies at Harvard under the direction of E. L. Marks. His doctoral dissertation on the structure of the crustacean compound eye provided significant description of the eye's innervation. Encouraged by William James of the psychology department, Parker developed his interest in the origin and evolution of nervous systems. After receiving the D. Sc. in 1891, he spent two years studying the nervous system in lower animals and doing further research on sensory systems in laboratories at Leipzig, Berlin, Freiburg im Breisgau, and Naples. From these studies and subsequent work, he concluded that the origin of the nervous system was associated with the development of the effector organs innervated by nerve cells. He later concentrated on detailed study of one such effector, the chromatophore, which rapidly alters the color of certain animals according to environmental conditions.
Parker returned to the United States in 1893. The following year he was appointed instructor of zoology at Harvard. Parker remained in the zoology department at Harvard throughout his academic career, being promoted to assistant professor in 1899 and professor in 1906. Virtually every summer Parker worked in the laboratories at Woods Hole, Massachussets He began this association in 1888, doing research in the laboratory of the United States Bureau of Fisheries. In 1918 he transferred his research to the Marine Biological Laboratory. In 1932, shortly after the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution was established, he began to use some of its facilities. He also spent substantial research time at the Bermuda Biological Station, and was its acting director in 1905. Parker was appointed director of the Harvard Zoological Laboratories in 1921 and remained in that post until 1934.
During this period the biological sciences at Harvard were combined and a new biological laboratory encompassing research in zoology, physiology, and botany was constructed. Before the turn of the century Parker's zoological studies were largely descriptive, dealing mainly with the anatomy of sensory organs and nervous systems of lower animals. Thereafter his work became increasingly experimental. To learn more about the functioning of an animal's nervous system, he began to alter the organism or its environment and analyze and interpret the results. His innovative experimental studies brought him international fame. A highlight of any Harvard graduate student's experience was an invitation to accompany Parker on one of his Sunday afternoon walks through the countryside, or to join his table at "The Mess" at the Marine Biological Laboratory in the summer.
Toward the end of his life, Parker wrote a charming autobiography, The World Expands, that reveals his zest for life and its particular fascinations for a biologist. His main zoological contributions are described in The Elementary Nervous System (1919), Humoral Agents in Nervous Activity (1932), and Animal Colour Changes and Their Neurohumors (1948). He died on March 26, 1955 in Cambridge, Massachussets, United States.
(Excerpt from The Compound Eyes in Crustaceans Essentiall...)
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George Howard Parker was a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, a member of the American Philosophical Society and of the National Academy of Sciences.
George Howard Parker's wit and humor were legendary.
Quotes from others about the person
"This was a man, an individualist with rare character and peculiar charm. " - W. J. Crozier
George Howard Parker married Louise Merritt Stabler. They had no children.