George was the eldest son of Simon I of Kartli and his wife, Nestan-Darejan of Kakheti. George fought alongside his father against the Ottoman occupation forces since 1598. George attempted several times, though vainly, to ransom his father (who would die as a prisoner in 1612) from captivity and even offered to the Sublime Porte his son as hostage.
He held power after Simon was taken captive by the Turks at the Battle of Nakhiduri in 1599. He soon returned to his struggle against the Ottomans and recovered Lorri in 1601. In 1602, when the Safavid shah of Persia Abbas I resumed a war against the Ottomans, George sided with the Persians and led the Georgian auxiliary troops which took part in the conquest of Erivan in 1603/1604.
As a reward, Abbas I granted Giorgi X a minor possession in Iran.
In exchange, the shah asked for an area in the Debed River valley in the strategic Lorri district. Finally, the Shah permitted Giorgi X to return to Kartli.
He was the first king of Kartli who attempted to establish diplomatic ties with the northern co-religionist power of Muscovy. However, unstable political situation in both countries terminated these contacts.
According to Georgian chronicles, George X died suddenly, from a sting on his tongue, after biting into a cake with a bee in it, at Mejvriskhevi, 1606.
There have also been some speculations that the king was poisoned on the orders of the shah Abbas I. He was buried at Mtskheta. George married on September 15, 1578, Mariam (Tamar) (died c 1614), daughter of Giorgi I Lipartiani, of the Dadiani dynasty. Their children were:
Luarsab II, King of Kartli.
David, who disappeared while on a mission to rescue Simon I from the Turkish captivity.
Elene, affianced to Feodor II of Russia. Khorashan (died 1658), second wife of Teimuraz I of Kakheti.
Abbas I populated this territory with members of the Turkmen tribe Borchali.
