Background
Her father was a Liberal Jew and owned a cigar factory.
Her father was a Liberal Jew and owned a cigar factory.
Five years later, with the financial support of her parents, she continued at the Berlin University of the Arts, where she studied with Arthur Kampf.
Her family was originally from Prussia, but moved East in an attempt to improve their circumstances. In 1895, She began her studies at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts in Antwerp. According to some sources, she also studied in Paris.
In 1905, she met Mommie Schwarz, who had recently returned from New York and had come to Berlin to study German Expressionism.
They went to Paris together to have a look at the latest artistic trends there. The following year, they settled in Amsterdam and became part of the Modern Art movement.
Foreign many years, they travelled together, although they kept separate studios. Despite financial difficulties, they continued to travel throughout Eastern Europe, Italy and France.
As the Nazis came to power, many of their friends and family left for England or the United States.
Initially, they felt safe in Amsterdam, but they refused to wear the "Yellow Badge" when it became mandatory and went into hiding in Baambrugge. They were apparently betrayed. In November, 1942, they were arrested and sent to Auschwitz, where they were put to death shortly after their arrival.