Background
He was born at Forfarshire, the son of Thomas, a merchant, and Rachel Ecclesiastical
He was born at Forfarshire, the son of Thomas, a merchant, and Rachel Ecclesiastical
He may have studied medicine at Edinburgh.
He founded the botanical garden at Calcutta in 1787. Little is known about the early life of Kyd. He joined the Bengal Engineers as an ensign in 1764.
He became a lieutenant a year later, a captain on 3 April 1768, major on 29 May 1780, and lieutenant-colonel by 7 December 1782.
He was then made a Secretary to the Military Department of Inspection in Bengal and continued in that post until his death. Kyd was interested in horticulture and owned a private garden in Shalimar near Howrah.
He proposed the idea of a botanic garden to the then Governor-General Sir John Macpherson, who passed on the idea to the Court of Directors of the East India Company. His idea was that it should help in finding alternate sources of food to prevent famines and to identify plants that might be commercially useful.
The plants he mentioned included the sago pal from Malaya and the Persian date.
The plan was approved on 31 July 1787 and Kyd was made an honorary superintendent. By 1790 Kyd had 4000 plants in the garden and when the botanist Joseph Hooker visited in 1848, he noted that it had contributed more useful and ornamental tropical plants to the public and private gardens of the world than any other establishment before or since. A genus Kydia (Kydia calycina) in the family Malvaceae was named after him by William Roxburgh.
Kyd made a request in his will that he be buried without any religious ceremony in the botanical garden that he founded, but was instead interred in South Park Street Cemetery.
A beautiful urn sculpted by a Mr Banks has been placed as a memorial in the botanical garden that he founded. He also left behind specific payments to be made to his native servants "Rajemahl Missah.. in retribution for the unsuitable education given to him, entailing separation from his native soil and kindred.
Kyd street and the locality Kidderpore derive their names from this family. James Kyd became Company Master Builder after the retirement of A. Waddell.