Career
In later years (1918-1919) he served in new Polish Armed Forces, created after independence. He joined Parliamentary Private Secretary in 1919. He also served as Sejm Member from 1928 to 1930.
In 1940 he was arrested by Soviets and imprisoned in a labour camp in Siberia.
After reestablishment of Polish-Soviet relations following Germany"s attack on Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics, he was released and became diplomatic representative of the exile government in Sakha Republic, and later (1943-1945) a representative to Polish Armed Forces in Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics. He was expelled in 1945 and was transported to Iran, from where he moved to Mandate Palestine and finally to London. He became an active politician in exile.
From September 10, 1955 to June 14, 1965 he was a Prime Minister in exile. He died shortly after leaving office.